Publishing - Eyewitness Research

Adair, J. G., & Fenton, D. C. (1971). Subject's attitudes toward psychology as a determinant of experimental results. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 3, 268-275.

Adamowicz, J. K. (1976). Visual short-term memory and aging. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 39-46.

Adams, J. A. (1976). Learning and memory: An introduction. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

Adcock. C., & Webberley, M. (1971). Primary mental abilities. Journal of General Psychology, 84, 229-243.

Addison, B.M. (1978). Expert testimony on eyewitness perception. Dickinson Law Review, 82, 465-485.

Alexander, J. F. (1972). Search factors influencing personal appearance identification. In A. Zavala & J. J. Paley (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Alexander, L. (1971). The prehypnotic suggestion. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 12, 414-422.

Allen, D. A. (1980). Filling time versus affective response to the activity that fills the time: Independent effects on time judgment? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51, 723-727.

Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. J. (1945). The basic psychology of rumor. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 8, 61-81.

Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. J. (1947). The psychology of rumor. New York: Holt.

Alper, A., Buckhout, R., Chern, S., Harwood, R., & Slomovits, M. (1976). Eyewitness identification: Accuracy of individual vs. composite recollections of a crime. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 147-149.

Alpert, M., Kurtzberg, R., & Friedhoff, A. (1963). Transient voice changes associated with emotional stimuli. Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, 362-365.

Alvarado, Carlos S. Notes on Phantasms of the Living. Parapsychology Review, 1987 Mar Apr Vol 18(2) 9-12.

American Medical Association. (1958). Medical use of hypnosis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 168, 186-189.

Anastasi, A. (1964). Fields of applied psychology. New York: McGraw Hill.

Anderson, J . R., & Bower, G. H. (1974). A propositional theory of recognition memory. Memory and Cognition, 2, 406-412.

Anderson, J. P. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261-295.

Anderson, J. R. (1976). Language, memory and thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261-295.

Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1972). Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79, 97-123.

Anderson, J. R., & Bower, G. H. (1973). Human associative memory. Washington, D.C.: Winston & Sons.

Anderson. C. A., Lepper M. R. & Ross. L. (1989). Perseverance of social theories: The role of explanation in the persistence of discredited information. Journal of Personality and Social Psvchology, 39, 1037- 1049.

Anderson. N. A. (1974). Cognitive algebra. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.

Anderson. R. C. . & Pichert, J. W. (1978). Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 1-12.

Annett, J. (1979). Memory for skill. In M. M. Gruneberg, & P. E. Morris (Eds.), Applied problems in memory. New York: Academic Press.

Ansley, N. (1980). Quick reference guide to polygraph admissibility. Linthicum Hts., MD: American Polygraph Association.

Antes, J. R., Penland, J. G., & Metzger, R. L. (1981). Processing global information in briefly presented pictures. Psychological Research, 43, 277-292.

Anthony, T., Cooper, C., & Mullen, B. (1992). Cross-racial facial identification: A social cognitive integration. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, 296-301.

Aplicacion de la psicologia al estudio de los procedimientos policiales de recuerdo de personas. (Application of psychology to the study of police procedures for identifying Mira, Jose J.; Diges, Margarita. viduals. Estudios de Psicologia, 1987 Vol 29 30 211-219.

Arenberg, D. (1973). Cognition and aging: Verbal learning, memory, and problem solving. In C. Eisdorfer, & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Arkes, H. R., & Freedman, M. (1981, May). The positive and negative effects of expertise on recognition memory. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit.

Arons, H. (1967). Hypnosis in criminal investigation. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Aronson, E ., & Carlsmith, J . M . (1968) . Experimentation in social psychology. In G . Lindsay & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (2d Ed.), (Vol. 2, pp. 1-79). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.

Aronstam, D., & Tyson, G. A. (1980). Racial bias in eyewitness perception. The Journal of Social Psychology, 110, 177-182.

Arther, R. (1968). Peak of tension: Dangers. Journal of Polygraph Studies, 2, 1-4.

Arther, R. (1969). The guilt complex question. Journal of Polygraph Studies, 4, 1-4.

Arther, R. (1970). Peak of tension: Examination procedures. Journal of Polygraph Studies, 5(1), 1-4.

Arther, R., & Caputo, R. (1959). Interrogation for investigators. New York: Copp.

Asch, S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press.

Aschermann, E., Mantwill, M., & Kohnken, G. (1991). An independent replication of the cognitive interview. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 489-495.

Ashby, A., Shea, C., & Howard, M. (1980). Short term memory for kinesthetic movement information: Influence of location cues on recall of distance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51, 403-406.

Atal, B. S. (1972. Automatic speaker recognition based on pitch contours. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 52, 1687-1697.

Atkinson, J. W., & McClelland, D. C. (1948). The projective expression of needs: II. The effect of different intensities of hunger on thematic apperception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 643-658.

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds. ), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.

Atkinson, R. C., & Juola, J. F. (1973). Factors influencing speed and accuracy of word recognition. In S. Kornblum (Ed.), Attention and performance IV (pp. 583-612). New York: Academic Press.

Augustynek, A. (1979). Hypnotic hypermnesia. Prace Psycholgiczno-Pedagogiczne, 29, 25-34.

Augustynek, A. (1979). Remembering under hypnosis. The Journal for Basic Research in Psychological Sciences, Studia Psycholgia, 20, 256-266.

Ault, R. L., Jr. (1979). FBI guidelines for use of hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 449-451.

Ayuk, Robinson E. Cross racial identification of transformed, untransformed, and mixed race faces. International Journal of Psychology, 1990 Aug Vol 25(4) 509-527.

Babinsky, A. (1910). Die kinderaussage vor Gericht. Berlin.

Backster, C. (1962). Methods of strengthening our polygraph testing. Police, 6, 61-68.

Backster, C. (1969). Standardized polygraph notepack and technique guide. New York: Backster Research Foundation. (a)

Backster, C. (1969). Tri-zone polygraph. New York: Backster Research Foundation. (b)

Baddeley, A. D. (1972). Selective attention and performance in dangerous environments. British Journal of Psychology, 63, 537-546.

Baddeley, A. D. (1979). Applied cognitive and cognitive applied psychology: The case of face recognition. In L. G. Nilsson (Ed.), Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Uppsala University's 500th anniversary. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Baddeley, A. D., & Woodhead, M. M. (1983). Improving face recognition. In S. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence. Chichester: Wiley.

Baddeley, A. D., & Woodhead, M. M. (1982). Portraiture literature and person recognition. Unpublished manuscript, Cambridge University.

Baddeley, A. D., & Woodhead, M. M. (1982). Depth of processing, context, and face recognition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 148-164.

Baggett, P. (1975). Memory for explicit and implicit information in picture stories. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 538-548.

Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, P. O., & Wittlinger, R. P. (1975). Fifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 54-75.

Bailey, F. L. (1971). The defense never rests. New York: Stein & Day.

Bailey, W. L., Shinedling, M. M., & Payne, I. R. (1970). Obese individuals' perception of body image. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 3(2), 617-618.

Bailey. F. L. (1985). To be a trial lawver. New York: Wilev.

Bailis, K. L., & Mueller, J. H. (1981). Anxiety, feedback, and self-reference in face recognition. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 85-96.

Baker, E. (1967). Perceiver variables involved in the recognition of faces. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of London.

Ballard v. Superior Court, 64 Cal.2d 159, 410 P.2d 838, 49 Cal. Rptr. 302 (1966).

Baltes, P. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1976). On the plasticity of intelligence in adulthood and old age. American Psychologist, 31, 720-725.

Bar-Hillel, M. (1980). The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments. Acta Psychologica, 44, 211-233.

Barclay, C. D., Cutting, J. E., & Kozlowski, L. T. (1978). Temporal and spatial factors in gait perception that influence gender recognition. Perception and Psychophysics, 23(2), 145-152.

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C. Own race bias and time delay. Unpublished manuscript, Florida State University.

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C. (1982). Recognition of faces: Own-race bias, incentive, and time delay. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 255-268.

Barland, G. H., & Raskin, D. C. (1973). Detection of deception. In W. F. Prokasy, & D. C. Raskin (Eds.), Electrodermal activity in psychological research. New York: Academic Press.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 1173-1182.

Barrett, Curtis L.; Johnson, Phillip W.; Meyer, Robert G. Expert eyewitness, consultant, advocate: One role is enough. Social Action and the Law, 1985 Vol 11(2) 56-57.

Bartholomeus, B. (1973). Voice identification by nursery school children. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 27, 464-472.

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. London: Cambridge University Press.

Bartlett, F. C. (1957). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. New York: Cambridge Press. (originally published, 1932).

Bartlett, J. C., & Snelus, P. (1980). Lifespan memory for popular songs. American Journal of Psychology, 93, 551-560.

Bartlett, J. C., Hurry, S., & Thorley, W. (1984). Typicality and familiarity of faces. Memory and Cognition, 12, 219-228.

Bartlett, J. C., Till, R. E., & Fields, W. C., III. (1980). Effects of label distinctiveness and label testing on recognition of complex pictures. American Journal of Psychology, 93, 505-527.

Bartlett, J. C., Till, R. E., & Levy, J. C. (1980). Retrieval characteristics of complex pictures: Effects of verbal encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 430-449.

Bassili, J. N. (1979). Emotion recognition: The role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower areas of the face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2049-2058.

Bazelon, D. L. (1980). Review of "Eyewitness Testimony" by Elizabeth Loftus and "The Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony" by A. Daniel Yarmey. Psychology Today, 13, 102-106.

Bazelon, D. L. (1981, March). Eyewitness news. Psychology Today, 101-106.

Beahrs, John O. Spontaneous hypnosis in the forensic context. Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (1988, San Francisco, California. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 1989 Vol 17(2)

Beattie, G. W. (1981). A further investigation of the cognitive interference hypothesis of gaze patterns during conversation. British Journal of Psychology, 20, 243-248.

Beebe S. A. (1974). Eve contact: A nonverbal determinant of speaker credibility. The Speech Teacher. 23, 21-25.

Beijk-Docter, M. A.. & Elshout, J. J. (1969). Veldfhankelijkheid en geheugen met betrekking tot sociaal relevant en sociaal niet-relevant materiaal. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie en haar Grensgebieden, 24, 267-279.

Bekerian, D. A., & Bowers, J. M. (1983). Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 'J, 139-145.

Bekerian, D. A., Dennett, J. L., Hill, K., & Hitchcock, R. (1990). Effects of detailed imagery on simulated wilness recall. Unpublished manuscript, MRC Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge.

Belbin, E. (1950). The influence of interpolated recall upon recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 163-169.

Bell, Brad E.; Loftus, Elizabeth F. Degree of detail of eyewitness testimony and mock juror judgment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1988 Nov Vol 18(14) 1171-1192.

Bell. B. E., & Loftus, E. F. (1989). Trivial persuasion in the courtroom: The power of (a few) minor details. Journal of Personalitv and Soeial Psvchology, 56, 669-679.

Belli, R. F. (1989). Influences of misleading postevent information: Misinformation interference and acceptance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral, 118, 72-85.

Belli, R. F. (in press). Failures of interpolated tests in inducing memory impairment with final modified tests: Evidence unfavorable to the blocking hypothesis. American Journal of Psychology.

Belli, R. F., Lindsay, D. S., Gales, M. S., & McCarthy, T. T. (1992). Memory impairment and source misattribution in postevent misinformation experiments with short retention intervals. Manuscript in preparation.

Belli, R. F., Windschitl, P. D., McCarthy, T. T., & Winfrey, S. E. (1992). Detecting memory impairment with a modified test procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 356-367.

Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.

Bennett, P. J. Face recall: A police perspective. Human Learning Journal of Practical Research and Applications, 1986 Oct Dec Vol 5(4) 197-202.

Benson, P., & Perrett, D. (1991). Computer averaging and manipulation of faces. In P. Wombell (Ed.), Photovideo: Photography in the Age of the Computer. London: Rivers Oram Press.

Benson, P. & Perrett, D. (1992). Face to face with the perfect image. New Scientist, 133, 3235.

Bentley, D. (1979). The infant and the dream: Psychology and the law. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Benton, A. L. (1980). The neuropsychology of facial recognition. American Psychologist, 35, 176-186.

Benton, A. L. (1985). Visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive disorders. In K. M. Heilman & E. Valenstein (Eds.) Clinical neuropsychology (2d Ed.), Oxford University Press.

Benton, A. L., & Gordon, M. C. (1971). Correlates of facial recognition. Transactions of the A merican Neurological Association, 96, 146- 150 .

Benton, A. L., Hamsher. K. ~le S. ~arney, N. R., & Spreen, O. (1983). Facial recognition: Stimulus and multiple choice pictures. Contributions to neuropsvchological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.

Berkowitz, L., & Donnerstein, E. L. (1982). External validity is more than skin deep: Some answers to criticisms of laboratory experiments. American Psychologist, 37, 245-257.

Berkun, M. M., Bialek, H. M., Kern, R. P., & Yagi, K. (1962). Experimental studies of psychological stress in man. Psychological Monographs, 76(15, whole no. 534), 1-39.

Berliner, L., & Barbieri, M. K. (1984). The testimony of the child victim of sexual assault. Jounal of Social Issues, 40, 125-137.

Bermant, G. (1986). Two conjectures about the issue of expert testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 97-100.

Berrien, F. K. (1955). Psychology and the court. In G. Dudycha (Ed.), Psychology for law enforcement officials. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.

Berry, D. S., & McArthur, L.Z. (1985). Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 312-323.

Berry, D. S., & McArthur, L. Z. (1986). Perceiving character in faces: The impact of age-related craniofacial changes on social perception. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 3-18.

Berschied, E., Graziano. E., Monson. T., & Dermer, M. (1976). Outcome dependency: Attention, attribution, and attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psvchology, 34, 978'~89.

Bersoff, D. N. (1986). Psychologists and the judicial systems: Broader perspectives. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 151-165.

Best, J. B. (1989). Cognitive psychology (2d ed.). St. Paul, MN: West.

Biederman, I. (1972). Perceiving real world scenes. Science, 177, 77-80.

Biederman, I. (1981). On the semantics of a glance at a scene. In M. Kubovy, & J. R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Perceptual organization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Biederman, I., Glass, A. L., & Stacy, E. W. (1973). Searching for objects in real world scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 97, 22-27.

Biederman, I., Mezzanotte, R. J., Rabinowitz, J. C. (1982). Scene perception: Detecting and judging objects undergoing relational violations. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 143-177.

Biggs, J. B. (1978). Levels of processing, study processes and factual recall. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Billig, M., & Milner, D. (1976) A spade is a spade in the eyes of the law. Psychology Today, 2, 13-16.

Bingham, John C. The applications of eyewitness identification research to the courtroom. Special Issue: Law and psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 1986 Jul Vol 14(3) 241-252.

Bird, C. (1927). The influences of press upon the accuracy of report. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 22, 123-129.

Bird, D. (1986). Case study: Report accuracy of children alleging abuse. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Bjork, R. A., & Whitten, W. B. (1974). Recency sensitive retrieval processes in long term free recall. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173-189.

Black, M. M., & Rollins, H. A., Jr. (1982). The effects of instructional variables on young children's organization and free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33, 1-19.

Blair, W. G. (1982, March 11). Witnesses in New York differ over tanker blast. New York Times, p. 17.

Blakemore, C. (1977). The unsolved marvel of memory. The New York Times Magazine, February 6.

Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229-246.

Blaney, R. L., & Winograd, E. (1978). Developmental differences in children's recognition memory for faces. Developmental Psychology, 14, 441-442.

Block, E. B. (1976). Hypnosis: A new tool in crime detection. New York: David McKay.

Block, R. A. (1974). Memory and the experience of duration in retrospect. Memory and Cognition, 2, 153-160.

Block, R. A. (1978). Remembered duration: Effects of event and sequence complexity. Memory and Cognition, 6, 320-326.

Blonstein, Robert; Geiselman, R. Edward. Effects of witnessing conditions and expert witness testimony on credibility of an eyewitness. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 1990 Vol 8(4) 11-19.

Boice, R., Hanley, P., Shaughnessy, P., & Gansler D. (1982). Eyewitness accuracy: A general observational skill? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 20, 193-195.

Bonto, M. A., & Payne, D. G. (1991). Role of environmental context in eyewitness memory. American Journal of Psychology, 104, 117-134.

Bonto, Marivic A.; Payne, David G. Role of environmental context in eyewitness memory. American Journal of Psychology, 1991 Spr Vol 104(1) 117-134.

Borchard, E. M. (1932). Convicting the innocent: Errors of criminal justice. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Borchard, E. M. (1932). Convicting the innocent: Errors of criminal justice. New Haven: Yale.

Borgida, E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1977). The differential impact of abstract vs. concrete information on decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7, 258-271.

Boring, E. G. (1950). A history of experimental psychology. New York: Appleton.

Bornstein, M. H. (1984). Perceptual generalization: A note on the peak shift. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 802-808.

Bothwell, R. K., & Thomas, C. E. (in press). The confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identifications.

Bothwell R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1989). Cross-racial identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 19-25.

Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1985). A meta-analysis of eyewitness research: Cross-racial identification. Unpublished manuscript, Florida State University.

Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Pigott, M. A. (1987). An exploratory study of personality differences in eyewitness memory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 335343.

Bothwell, R. K., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Brigham, J. C. (1987). Predicting eyewitness accuracy from confidence: The optimality hypothesis. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Bothwell, R. K., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Brigham, J. C. (1987). Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 691-695.

Bothwell, Robert K.; Brigham, John C.; Pigott, Melissa A. An exploratory study of personality differences in eyewitness memory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1987 Aug Vol 2(3) 335-343.

Bothwell, Robert K.; Deffenbacher, Kenneth A.; Brigham, John C. Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987 Nov Vol 72(4) 691-695.

Botwinick, J. (1973). Aging and behavior. New York: Springer.

Boucher, J. D., & Carlson, G. E. (1980). Recognition of facial expression in three cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11, 263-280.

Bourne, L. E., Dominowski, R. L., & Loftus, E. F. (1979). Cognitive processes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 29, 129-148.

Bower, G. H., & Karlin, M. B. (1974). Depth of processing pictures of faces and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 751-757.

Bower, G. H., Montiero, K. P., & Gilligan, S. G. (1978). Emotional mood as a context for learning and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 573-585.

Bower, J. M., & Bekerian, D. A. (1984). When will postevent information distort eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 466-472.

Bradshaw, J. L., & Wallace, G. (1971). Models for the processing and identification of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 9, 443-448.

Brainerd. C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (1993). Memory independence and memory interference in cognitive development. Psychological Review, 100. 42-67.

Brandon R., & Davies, C. (1973). Wrongful imprisonment: Mistaken convictions and their consequences. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Bransford, J. D., & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 717-726.

Bregman, A. S. (1966). Is recognition memory all or none? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 1-6.

Bregman, Norman J.; McAllister, Hunter A. Perceived innocence or guilt: Role of eyewitness identification and fingerprints. Southern Psychologist, 1987 Fal Vol 3(2) 49-52.

Brewer, W. F., & Treyens, J. C. (1981). Role of schemata in memory for places. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 207-230.

Bricker, P. D., & Pruzansky, S. (1966). Effects of stimulus content and duration on talker identification. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 40, 1441-1449.

Bricker, P. D., & Chapanis, A. (1953). Do incorrectly perceived tachistoscopic stimuli convey some information? Psychological Review, 60, 181-188.

Brier, G. W. (1950). Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability. Monthly Weather Review, 75, 1-3.

Brier, G. W. (1950). Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability. Monthly Weather Review, 75, 1-3.

Brigham, J. C. (1980a). Perspectives on the impact of lineup composition, race, and witness confidence on identification accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 315-321.

Brigham, J. C. (1980b). The psychology of eyewitness identification. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society of Criminology, November.

Brigham, J. C. (1981). The accuracy of eyewitness evidence: How do attorneys see it? The Florida Bar Journal, 55, 714-721.

Brigham, J. C. (1986). Distinctiveness of appearance as a moderator variable in the confidence-accuracy relationship in facial identifications. Unpublished manuscript, Florida State University.

Brigham, J. C. (1988). Is witness confidence helpful in judging eyewitness accuracy? In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (Vol. 1, pp. 7782). Chichester: Wiley.

Brigham, J. C. (1989). Disputed eyewitness identifications: Can experts help? The Champion, 8(5), 10-18.

Brigham, J. C. (1990). Target person distinctiveness and attractiveness as moderator variables in the confidence-accuracy relationship in facial identification. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 101-l15.

Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1983). The ability of prospective jurors to estimate the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 1, 19-30.

Brigham, J. C., & Barkowitz, P. (1978). Do "They all look alike?" The effect of race, sex, experience, and attitudes on the ability to recognize faces. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8, 306-318.

Brigham, J. C., & Williamson, N. L. (1979). Cross-racial recognition and age: When you're over 60 do they still "all look alike?" Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 218-222.

Brigham, J. C., & Ready, D. J. (1985). Own-race bias in lineup construction. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 415-424.

Brigham, J. C., & Brandt, C. C. (1992). Measuring lineup fairness: Mock witness responses vs. direct evaluations of lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 475-489.

Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1985). The role of experience and contact in the recognition of faces of own-and other-race persons. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 139-155.

Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., Martinez, D., & Whittenberger, G. (1983). The effect of arousal on facial recognition. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4, 279-293.

Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., Snyder, L. D., & Spaulding K. (1982). Accuracy of eyewitness identifications in a field setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 673-680.

Brigham, J. C., Ready, D. J., & Spier, S. A. (1990). Standards for evaluating the fairness of photograph lineups. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Il, 149-163.

Brigham, J. C.. & Cairns, D. L. (1988). The effect of mugshot inspections on eyewitness identification accuracy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 1394-1410.

Brigham, John C. Psychological factors in eyewitness identifications. Journal of Criminal Justice, 1983 Vol 11(1) 47-56.

Brigham, John C.; Cairns, Donna L. The effect of mugshot inspections on eyewitness identification accuracy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1988 Dec Vol 18(16, Pt 2) 1394-1410.

Brigham, John C.; Van Verst, Mary; Bothwell, Robert K. Accuracy of children's eyewitness identifications in a field setting. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1986 Dec Vol 7(4) 295-306.

Brigham, John C.; WolfsKeil, Melissa P. Opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel on the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 1983 Dec Vol 7(4) 337-349.

Bringmann, Michael W.; Tyler, Kimberly McAhren, Patti E.; Bringmann, Wolfgang G. A successful and unsuccessful replication of William Stern's eyewitness research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1989 Oct Vol 69(2) 619-625.

Broadbent, D. E. (1967). Word frequency effect and response bias. Psychological Review, 74, 1-15.

Broadbent, D. E., & Broadbent, M. P. H. (1977). Effects of recognition on subsequent recall: Comments on "Determinants of recognition and recall: Accessibility and generation" by Rabinowitz, Mandler, and Patterson. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 85, 330-335.

Broadbent. D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. London: Pergamon Press.

Brock. T. C. (1967). Communication discrepancy and intent to persuade as determinants of counterargument production. Journal ~f Experimental Social Psychology, 3, 296-309.

Brodsky, S. (1977). The mental health professional on the eyewitness stand: A survival guide. In B. Sales (Ed.), Psychology in the Legal Process. New York: Spectrum.

Brodsky, S., & Robey, A. (1973). On becoming an expert witness: Issues of orientation and effectiveness. Professional Psychology, 3, 1973-1976.Brouwers, P., Monone

Brody, J. E. (1980, October 14). Hypnotism is a powerful but vulnerable weapon in the fight against crime. New York, pp. 15;17.

Brooks, Keith; Siegal, Michael. Children as eyewitnesses: Memory, suggestibility, and credibility. Australian Psychologist, 1991 Jul Vol 26(2) 84-88.

Brooks, N. (1983). Police guidelines: Pretrial identification procedures. Ottawa: Law Reform Commission.

Brown, A. S., & Murphy, D. R. (1989). Cryptomnesia: Delineating inadvertent plagiarism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 432~42.

Brown, E., Deffenbacher, K., & Sturgill, W. (1977). Memory for faces and the circumstances of encounter. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 311-318.

Brown, J. (1976). Recall and recognition. New York: Wiley.

Brown, M. R. (1926). Legal psychology. Indianapolis: Bobbs.

Brown, R., & McNeill, D. (1966). The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 325-337.

Brown. R. (1986). Social psvchology: The second edition. New York: The Free Press.

Bruce, V. (1977). Processing and remembering of pictoral information. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge.

Bruce, V. (1979). Searching for politicians: An information processing approach to face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 373-395.

Bruce, V. (1982). Changing faces: Visual and non-visual coding processing in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 73, 105-116.

Bruce, V. (1983). Recognizing faces. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 302, 423-436.

Bruce, V. (1988). Recognising faces. Hove, Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Bruce, V., & Young, A. (1986). Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 77, 305-327.

Bruce. V. (1986). Recognising familiar faces. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe, & A. Young (Eds.), Aspects of Jace processing (pp. 107-117). Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: ~i jhoff .

Bruner, J. S. (1958). Social psychology and perception. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. D. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. J. (1949). On the perception of incongruity: A paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206-223.

Bruner, J. S., Miller, G. A., & Zimmerman, C. (1955). Discriminative skill and discriminative matching in perceptual recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 187-192.

Bruner, J. S., Postman, L. J., & Rodrigues, J. (1951). Expectation and the perception of color. American Journal of Psychology, 64, 216-227.

Brunswick, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62, 193-217.

Bruyer, R. (1980). Perception of the human face and cerebral hemisphere differences with the normal subject. L'Annee Psychologique, 80, 631-653.

Buchanan, Dale R. Enhancing eyewitness identification: Applied psychology for law enforcement officers. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1985 Dec Vol 13(4) 303-309.

Buchanan, R. W., Pryor, B., Taylor, K. P., & Strawn, D. V. (1978). Legal communication: An investigation of juror comprehension of pattern jury instructions. Communication Quarterly, 26, 31-35.

Buckhout, R. (1968). Through a bag, darkly. American Psychologist, 23, 832-833.

Buckhout, R. (1974a). Eyewitness testimony. Scientific American, 231, 23-31.

Buckhout, R. (1974b). Eyewitness recall of facts about a person. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4, 191-192.

Buckhout, R. (1975a). Nearly 2000 witnesses can be wrong. Social Action and the Law Newsletter, 2, 7.

Buckhout, R. (1976, September). Nobody likes a smart ass: Expert testimony by psychologists. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.

Buckhout, R. (1976). Psychology and eyewitness identification. Law and Psychology Review, 2, 75-92.

Buckhout, R. (1977). Eyewitness identification and psychology in the courtroom. Criminal Defense, 4, 5-10.

Buckhout, R. (1980). Nearly 2,000 witnesses can be wrong. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 307-310.

Buckhout, R. (1984). Double mistaken identification in Dallas: Texas v. Lenell Geter and Anthony Williams. Social Action and the Law, 10, 3-11.

Buckhout, R. (1986). Personal values and expert testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 127-144.

Buckhout, R., & Ellison, K. W. (1977, June). The lineup: A critical look. Psychology Today, pp. 82-84; 88.

Buckhout, R., Alper, A., Chern, S., Silverberg, G., & Slomovits, M. (1974). Determinants of eyewitness performance on a lineup. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4, 191-192.

Buckhout, R., Eugenio, P., Licitra, T., Oliver, L., & Kramer, T. (1982). Memory, hypnosis and evidence: Research on eyewitnesses. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Responsive Psychology, Brooklyn College.

Buckhout, R., Figueroa, D., & Hoff, E. (1973, May). Psychology and the eyewitness. American Journal of Criminal Law.

Buckhout, R., Figueroa, D., & Hoff, E. (1975). Eyewitness identification: Effects of suggestion and bias in identification from photographs. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 71-74.

Buckhout, R. Note. (1975b). Social Action and the Law Newsletter, 2, 7.

Buckhout. R.. Figueroa. P.. & Hoff. E. (1975). Eyewitness identification: Effects of su~gestion and bias in identification from photographs. Bulletin of the Psvchonomic Society, 6, 71-74.

Bugelski, B. R., & Alampay, D. A. (1961). The role of frequency in developing perceptual sets. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 15, 205-211.

Bull, R. (1978). Eyewitnesses also have ears. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Bull, R. (1979). The influence of stereotypes on person identification. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, & S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Bull, R., & Clifford, B. (1976). Identification: The Devlin report. New Scientist, 70, 307-308.

Bull, R., & Clifford, B. (1979). Eyewitness memory. In M. M. Gruneberg, & P. E. Morris (Eds.), Applied problems in memory. New York: Academic Press.

Bull, R. H. C., & Reid, R. L. (1975). Recall after briefing: T.V. versus face to face presentation. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 48, 73-78.

Bull, Ray. Psychological factors in eyewitness testimony. British Psychological Society Conference: Lawyers and psychologists the way forward (1980, London, England. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology, 1981 No 1 27-39.

Burke, D. M., & Light, L. L. (1981). Memory and aging: The role of retrieval processes. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 513-546.

Burke, E. J. (1981, November30). Eyewitness testimony: How reliable? The National Law Journal, pp. 3-4.

Burri, C. (1931). The influence of an audience upon recall. Journal of Educational Psychology, 22, 683-690.

Burtt, H. E. (1931). Legal psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Burtt, H. E. (1948). Applied psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Cady, H. M. (1924). On the psychology of testimony. American Journal of Psychology, 35, 110-112.

Cahill. D., & Mingay, D. J. (1986). Leading questions and the police interview. Policing, Autumn, 212-224.

Campbell, D. T.. & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discrimination validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.

Campbell, R. (1982). Asymmetries in moving faces. British Journal of Psychology, 73, 95-103.

Campbell, R., & Dodd, B. (1980). Hearing by eye. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 85-99.

Carey, S., Diamond, R., & Woods, B. (1981). Development of face recognition--A maturational component? Developmental Psychology, 16, 257-269.

Carr, H. A. (1925). Psychology: A study of mental activity. New York: Longmans Green.

Carr, T. H., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Leu, J. R. (1979, November). Is there less interference in memory for faces? Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Phoenix.

Carris, M., Zaragoza, M., & Lane, S. (1992). The role of visual imagery in source misattribution errors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Society, Chicago, IL.

Carterette, E. C., & Barnebey, A. (1975). Recognition memory for voices. In A. Cohen, & S. Nooteboom (Eds.), Structure and process in speech perception: Proceedings of the symposium on dynamic aspects of speech perception. New York: Springer Verlag.

Cash, T. F. (1981). Physical attractiveness: An annotated bibliography of theory and research in the behavioral sciences. JSAS Cat~log of Selected Documents in Psychology, 11, Ms. 2370.

Cattell, J. M. (1895). Measurements of the accuracy of recollection. Science, 2, 761-766.

Cavanaugh, J. C., & Perlmutter, M. (1982). Metamemory: A critical examination. Child Development, 53, 11-28.

Cavoukian, A. (1980, September). Eyewitness testimony: The ineffectiveness of discrediting information. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association Meeting, Montreal.

Cavoukian, A. (1980, September). Eyewitness testimony: The ineffectiveness of discrediting information. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association Meeting, Montreal.

Ceci, S. J., & Bruck. M. (in press). The suggestibility of the child witness: A hist~rical review and synthesis. Psvchological Bulletin.

Ceci, S. J., & Liker, J. K. (1986). A day at the races: A study of IQ, expertise~ and cognitive complexitv. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, II5, 255-266.

Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., & Toglia, M. P. (?). Age differences in suggestibilty: narrowing the uncertainties.

Ceci, S. J., Ross, D. F., & Toglia, M. P. (1987). Suggestibility of children's memory: Psycholegal implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 38-49.

Ceci, S. J., Toglia, M. P., & Ross, D. F. (1988). On remembering.... More or less: A trace strength interpretation of developmental differences in suggestibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral, 117, 201-203.

Ceci, S. J.. Ross. D. R., & Toglia, M. P. (1987). Age differences in suggestibility: Narrowing the uncertainties. In S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memorv (pp. 79-91). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Ceci, Stephen J.; Ross, David F.; Toglia, Michael P. Suggestibility of children's memory: Psycholegal implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 1987 Mar Vol 116(1) 38-49.

Ceci. S. J. (1992, May). The Suggestibility of the Child Witness. Paper presented at the NATO Advanced Studv Institute on Child Witnesses, Italy.

Chaiken. S. (1979). Communicator physical attractiveness and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 1387-1397.

Chaiken. S. (1980). Heuristic versus svstematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personalitv (ln(l Social Psvchology, 39, 752766.

Chaiken. S.. Liberman, A., & Eagly, A. H. (1989). Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context. In J. S. Uleman & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended tholl~ht (pp. 212-252). New York: Guilford.

Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G. (1984). Face-recognition memory: Implications for children's eyewitness testimony. Journal of Social Issues, 40, 69-85.

Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G. (1981). Depth of processing in response to own and other race faces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 475-480.

Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G. (1979a). Reliability of face recognition performance. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14, 115-117.

Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G. (1979b). Depth of processing in response to faces. Unpublished manuscript, University of Missouri.

Chance, J. E., Goldstein, A. G., & McBride, L. (1975). Differential experience and recognition memory for faces. Journal of Social Psychology, 97, 243-253.

Chance, J. E., Goldstein, A. G., & Schicht, W. (1967). Effects of acquaintance and friendship on children's recognition of classmate's faces. Psychonomic Science, 7, 223-224.

Chance, J. E., Turner, A. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1980, November). Developmental effects in differential recognition of own and other race faces. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis.

Chance, J. E., Turner, A. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1982). Development of differential recognition for own-and other-race faces. The Journal of Psychology, 112, 29-37.

Chandler, C. C. (1989). Specific retroactive interference in modified recognition tests: Evidence for an unknown cause of interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memorv, and Cognition, 15, 256-265.

Chandler, C. C. (1991). How memory for an event is influenced by related events: Interference in modified recognition tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 1 1-125.

Charrow, R. P., & Charrow, V. R. (1979). Making legal language understandable: A psycholinguistic study of jury instructions. Columbia Law Review, 79, 1306-1374.

Chein, I., Levine, R., & Murphy, G. (1942). The relations of the intensity of a need to the amount of perceptual distortion. Journal of Psychology, 13, 282-293.

Chen, H. T. (1981). Disposition of felony arrests: A sequential analysis of the judicial decision making process. Unpublished dictoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts.

Cheng, C. M., & Huang, H. J. (1980). The process of verifying affirmative and negative sentences against pictures. Memory and Cognition, 8, 573-583.

Cheng, C. M., & Huang, H. J. (1980). The process of verifying affirmative and negative sentences against pictures. Memory and Cognition, 8, 573-583.

Christiaansen, R. E., & Ochalek, K. (1983). Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and r~ost-event information. Memory and Cognition, 7-~75.

Christiaansen, R. E., Sweeney, J. D., & Ochalek, K. (1983). Influencing eyewitness descriptions. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 59-65.

Christiaasen, R. E. Ochalek, K. ~ Sweeney, J. D. (1984). Individual differences in eyewitness memory and confidence judgments. Journal of ~enetic Psychology, IO. 47-52.

Christie, D. F. M., Davies, G. M., Shepherd, J. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1981). Evaluating a new computer based system for face recall. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 209-218.

Christie, D. F. M., & Ellis, H. D. (1981). Photofit constructions versus verbal descriptions of faces. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 358-363.

Christie, D. F. M., Davies, G. M., Shepherd, J. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1981). Evaluating a new computer based system for face recall. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 209-218.

Christie, Donald F.; Ellis, Hadyn D. Photofit constructions versus verbal descriptions of faces. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1981 Jun Vol 66(3) 358-363.

Cialdini, R. B. (1988). Influence: Science and practice (2d ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott-Foresman.

Clark, W. C., Kramer, E., & Yang, J. C. (1981, April). Diazepam affects retrieval from verbal memory, not acquisition or storage. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York.

Clifford B. Clifford, R. & Bull R. (1978). The psychology of person identification. Boston: Routledge ~ Kegan Paul.

Clifford, B. R. (1976). Police as eyewitnesses. New Society, 36, 176-177.

Clifford, B. R. (1978). A critique of eyewitness research. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Clifford, B. R. (1979a). Eyewitness testimony: The bridging of a credibility gap. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Clifford, B. R. (1979b, March). The relevance of psychological investigation to legal issues in testimony and identification. The Criminal Law Review, 153-163.

Clifford, B. R. (1980). Voice identification by human listeners: On earwitness reliability. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 373-394.

Clifford, B. R. (1983). Memory for voices: The feasibility and quality of earwitness evidence. In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock and B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence. Chichester, Great Britain: John Wiley & Sons.

Clifford, B. R., & Richards, V. J. (1977). Comparison of recall by policemen and civilians under conditions of long and short durations of exposure. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45, 503-512.

Clifford, B. R., & Hollin, C. R. (1978). Experimentally manipulated arousal and eyewitness testimony. Unpublished manuscript, North East London Polytechnic.

Clifford, B. R., & Hollin, C. R. (1981). Effects of the type of incident and the number of perpetrators on eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 364-370.

Clifford, B. R., & Bull, R. (1978). The psychology of person identification. Boston: Routledge & Kegan.

Clifford, B. R., & Lloyd-Bostock, S. (1983). Evaluating eyewitness evidence: Recent psychological research and new perspectives. Chichester, England: Wiley.

Clifford, B. R., & Scott, J. (1978). Individual and situational factors in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 352-359.

Clifford, B. R., & Hollin, C. (1977). Eyewitness testimony: A review of theory, data, and paradigms. Unpublished manuscript.

Clifford, B. R., Rathborn, H., & Bull, R. (1981). The effects of delay on voice recognition accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 201-208.

Clifford, B.R. & Scott. J. (1978). Individual and situational factors in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied P.~ychology, 63, 352-9.

Clifford, Brian R.; Hollin, Clive R. Effects of the type of incident and the number of perpetrators on eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1981 Jun Vol 66(3) 364-370.

Cochran & Cox, (1957). Experimental designs (ed. 2). New York: Wiley.

Cohen, C. E., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1979). Observational goals and schema activation: A theoretical framework for behavioral perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 305-329.

Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1989). Age differences in source forgetting: Effects on reality monitoring and on eyewitness testimony. Psychology and Aging, 4, 10-17.

Cohen, Gillian; Faulkner, Dorothy. Age differences in source forgetting: Effects on reality monitoring and on eyewitness testimony. Psychology and Aging, 1989 Mar Vol 4(1) 10-17.

Cohen, J. (1966). Some statistical issues in psychological research. In B. B. Wolman, (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1975). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cohen, M. E., & Nodine, C. F. (1978). Memory processes in facial recognition and recall. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 317-319.

Cohen, M. E., & Carr, W. J. (1975). Facial recognition and the von Restorff effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 383-384.

Cohen, R. L., & Harnick, M. A. (1980). The susceptibility of child witnesses to suggestion. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 201-210.

Cohen, S. (1980). Aftereffects of stress in human performance and social behavior: A review of research and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 82-108.

Cole, E. A. (1980, May). Context effects in picture recognition. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, St. Louis.

Cole, W. G., & Loftus, E. F. (1979). Incorporating new information into memory. American Journal of Psychology, 92, 413-425.

Coleman, R. O. (1971). Male and female voice quality and its relationship to vowel format frequencies. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 565-577.

Coleman, R. O. (1973). Speaker identification in the absence of inter-subject differences in glottal source characteristics. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 53, 1741-1743.

Coleman, R. O. (1976). A comparison of the contributions of two voice quality characteristics to the perception of maleness and femaleness in the voice. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 19, 169-180.

Coleman, R. O. (1978). Speakers' sex identification as a function of listeners' sex. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47, 351-354.

Coleman, R. O., & Lass, N. L. (1981). Effect of prior exposure to stimulus material on identification of speakers' sex, height, and weight. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 52, 619-622.

Collins, A. M., & Quillian, M. R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 8, 2~ 247.

Collins, G. (1981, May 4). Mystery of memory that fails in old age. New York Times, 20.

Collins, J. K. (1987). Methodology for the objective measurement of body image. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(3), 393-399.

Collins, J. K., & Plahn, M. R. (1988). Recognition accuracy, stereotype preference and subjective judgment of body appearance in adolescents and young adults. Unpublished manuscript, Macquarie University, School of Behavioural Sciences, Sydney.

Collins, R. L. (1982). The encoding of facial recognition information in long term store. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin - Madison.

Collins, R. L. (1982). The encoding of facial recognition information in long term store. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin - Madison.

Comish, S. I~(1987). Recognition of facial stimuli following an intervening task involving the Identi-kit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 488-491.

Comish, Sara E. Recognition of facial stimuli following an intervening task involving the Identi kit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987 Aug Vol 72(3) 488-491.

Commonwealth v. Francis, 453 N.E.2d 1204 (MA, 1983).

Contributions to the history of psychology: XLVI. The pioneer work of Alfred Binet on children as eyewitnesses. 95th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association Cunningham, Jacqueline L. 7, New York, New York. Psychological Reports, 1988 Feb Vol 62(1) 271-277.

Cook, M. (1978). Eye movements during recognition of faces. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Coran, S., Porac, C., & Ward, L. M. (1984). Sensation and Perception (second ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Coren S.~ Porac~ C. & Ward L. M. (19~4). Sensation and Perception. Orlando, FL: A~demic Press.

Could the secret service predict violent behavior? News Report. (1982). The National Academy of Sciences, 32, 84-83; 89.

Courtois, M. R., & Mueller, J. H. (1981). Target and distractor typicality in facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 639-645.

Courtois, M. R., & Mueller, J. H. (1979). Processing multiple physical features in facial recognition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 14, 74-76.

Courtois, Michael R.; Mueller, John H. Target and distractor typicality in facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1981 Oct Vol 66(5) 639-645.

Cox, S. D., & Wollen, K. A. (1981). Bizarreness and recall. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 244-245.

Craik, F. I. M. Encoding and retrieval effects in human memory: A partial review. In Long, & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance(Vol. 9).

Craik, F. I. M. (1968). Short-term memory and the aging process. In G. A. Talland (Ed.), Human aging and behavior. New York: Academic Press.

Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268-294.

Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 671-684.

Craik, F. I. M., & Jacoby, L. J. (1979). Elaboration and distinctiveness in episodic memory. In L. G. Nilsson (Ed.)., Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Uppsala University's 500th anniversary. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Craik, F. I. M., & Kirsner, K. (1974). The effects of speaker's voice on word recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 284.

Cronbach~ L. J. (1957). The two disciplines of scientific psychology. ~merican ~svchologist. 12, ~71 -684.

Cross, J. F., Cross, J., & Daly, J. (1971). Sex, race, age, and beauty as factors in recognition of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 10, 393-396.

Crowder, R. G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Crozier, W. R. Do photographs of facial displays provide a sound basis for classifying the primary emotions. Current Psychological Research, 1981 Jul Sep Vol 1(3) 199-202.

Crutchfield R. S.~ Woodworth~ D. G. ~ Albrecht~ R. E. (1958). Perceptual performance ~nd the effective person. U S A F W A D C Technical Note, no. 58-60. Lackland AFB. Texas.

Ctr for Responsive Psychology. Admissibility of defense expert testimony. Social Action and the Law, 1985 Vol 10(3) 81-82.

Cunningham, Jacqueline L.; Bringmann, Wolfgang G. A re examination of William Stern's classic eyewitness research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1986 Oct Vol 63(2, Pt 1) 565-566.

Cunningham, R. T., & Tyrrell, D. R. (1976). Eyewitness credibility: Adjusting the sights of the judiciary. The Alabama Lawyer, 37, 563-590.

Cutler, B. & Penrod, S. (1988). Context reinstatement and eyewitness identification. In G. Davies & D. Thomson (Eds.), Memory in Context: Context in Memory. Chichester: Wiley.

Cutler, B. L., & Penrod. S. D. (1989). Forensically relevant moderators of the relation between eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 650652.

Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (1988). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 281-290.

Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (1986, August). Context reinstatement and eyewitness identification. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Cutler, B. L., & Fisher, R. P. (1990). Live lineups, videotaped lineups, and photoarrays. Forensic Reports, 3, 439-448.

Cutler, B. L., Dexter, H. R., & Penrod, S. D. (Under review). Expert testimony and jury decision making: An empirical analysis.

Cutler, B. L., Fisher. R. P., & Chicvara, C. L. (1989). Eyewitness identification from live versus videotaped lineups. Forensic Reports, 2, 93-106.

Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Stuve, T. E. (1988). Juror decisionmaking in eyewitness identification cases. Law and Human Behavior, 12, 41-55.

Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., O'Rourke, T. E., & Martens, T. K. (1986). Unconfounding the effects of context cues on eyewitness identification accuracy. Social Behavior, 1, 113-134.

Cutler, Brian L.; Dexter, Hedy R.; Penrod, Steven D. Expert testimony and jury decision making: An empirical analysis. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1989 Spr Vol 7(2) 215-225.

Cutler, Brian L.; Dexter, Hedy R.; Penrod, Steven D. Nonadversarial methods for sensitizing jurors to eyewitness evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1990 Aug Vol 20(14, Pt 2) 1197-1207.

Cutler, Brian L.; Fisher, Ronald P. Live lineups, videotaped lineups, and photoarrays. Forensic Reports, 1990 Vol 3(4) 439-448.

Cutler, Brian L.; Fisher, Ronald P.; Chicvara, Cindy L. Eyewitness identification from live versus videotaped lineups. Forensic Reports, 1989 Spr Vol 2(2) 93-106.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D.; Dexter, Hedy R. The eyewitness, the expert psychologist, and the jury. Law and Human Behavior, 1989 Sep Vol 13(3) 311-332.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D.; Stuve, Thomas E. Juror decision making in eyewitness identification cases. Law and Human Behavior, 1988 Mar Vol 12(1) 41-55.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D. Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1988 May Vol 73(2) 281-290.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D.; Martens, Todd K. Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Putting context into context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987 Nov Vol 72(4) 629-637.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D. Forensically relevant moderators of the relation between eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989 Aug Vol 74(4) 650-652.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D.; Martens, Todd K. The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 1987 Sep Vol 11(3) 233-258.

Cutler, Brian L.; Penrod, Steven D.; Dexter, Hedy R. Juror sensitivity to eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 1990 Apr Vol 14(2) 185-191.

Cutshall. J. L., & Yuille, J. C. (1989). Field studies of eyewitness memory of actual crimes. In D. C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence (pp. 97124). New York: Springer.

Cutting, J. E. (1981). Coding theory adapted to gait perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 71-87.

Cutting, J. E., & Proffitt, D. R. (1981). Gait perception as an example of how we may perceive events. In R. D. Walk, & H. L. Pick, Jr. (Eds.), Intersensory perception and sensory integration. New York: Plenum.

Cutting, J. E., & Kozlowski, L. T. (1977). Recognizing friends by their walk: Gait perception without familiarity cues. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 353-356.

D'Andrade, R. G., & Dart, J. (1983). The interpretation of r versus r2. Unpublished manuscript.

Dabbs J. M., Jr.. Evans, M. S., Hopper, C. H., d~ Purvis, J. A. (1980). Self-monitors in ~onvers~tion: What do thev monitor ? Journal of Personality and Social Psvchology, 39, 278~4.

Dale, P. S., Loftus, E. F., & Rathbun, L. (1978). The influence of the form of the question of the eyewitness testimony of preschool children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7, 269-277.

Dallenbach, K. M. (1913). The relation of memory error to time interval. Psychological Review, 20, 323-337.

Dane, F., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1982). Effects of defendants' and victims' characteristics on jurors' verdicts. In N. L. Kerr and R. M. Bray (Eds.), The Psychology of the Courtroom (pp. 83-115). New York: Academic Press.

Daniel, T. C., & Ellis, H. C. (1972). Stimulus codability and long term recognition memory for visual form. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 93, 83-89.

Daniel, T. C. (1972). Nature of the effect of verbal labels on recognition memory for form. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96, 152-157.

Darnbrough, M. A. (1977). A survey on the use of Photofit in England and Wales. Pamphlet published by British Govt. Home Office, Crown Copyright.

Dashiell, J. F. (1933). Experiments in the sifting of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 30, 720.

Davies & Milne (in press-a). Recognizing faces in and out of context. Current Psychological Research.

Davies, G. . & Christie; D. (1982). Face recall: An examination of some factors limiting composite production accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 103-109.

Davies, G. (1986). Forensic face recall: The role of visual and verbal information. In S. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence: Recent psychological evidence and new perspectives (pp. 103-123). Chichester: Wiley.

Davies, G. (1990, September). Infiuencing public policy on eyewitnessing: Problems and possibilities. Paper presented at the Second European Law and Psychology Conference, Nuremberg, Germany.

Davies, G., & Jenkins, F. (1985). Witnesses can be misled by police composite pictures: How and when. In F. L. Denmark (Ed.), Social/ecological psychology and the psychology of women (pp. 103-115). Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers.

Davies, G., & Milne, A. (1982). Recognizing faces in and out of context. Current Psychological Research, 2, 235-246.

Davies, G. & Milne. A. (1985). Eyewitness composite production: A function of mental or physical reinstatement of context. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12, 209-220.

Davies, G. M. (1978). Face recognition: Issues and theories. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Davies, G. M. (1983). The recognition of persons from drawings and photographs. Human Learning, 2, 237-249.

Davies, G. M., & Christie, D. (1982). Face recall: An examination of some factors limiting composite production accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 103-109.

Davies, G. M., & Christie, D. (1982). Face recall: An examination of some factors limiting composite production accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 103-109.

Davies, G. M., Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (Eds.), (1981). Perceiving and Remembering Faces. London: Academic Press.

Davies, G. M., Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (1977). Cue saliency in faces as assessed by the Photofit technique. Perception, 6, 263-269.

Davies, G. M., Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd. J. W. (1978). Face recognition accuracy as a function of mode of representation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 180-187.

Davies, G. M., Ellis, H. D., & Sheperd, J. W. (1981). Perceiving and remembering faces. Academic Press: Great Britain.

Davies, G. M., Milne, J. E., & Glennie, B. J. (1973). On the significance of "double encoding" for superior recall of pictures to names. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 413-423.

Davies, G. M., Shepherd, J. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1979). Similarity effects in face recognition. American Journal of Psychology, 92, 507-523.

Davies, G. M., Shepherd, J. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1979a). Effects of interpolated mugshot exposure on accuracy of eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 232-237.

Davies, G. M. (1969). Recognition memory for pictured and named objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 7, 448-458.

Davies, G., Shepherd, J., & Ellis, H. (1979). Effects of interpolated mugshot exposure on accuracy of eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 232-237.

Davies, Graham, Capturing likeness in eyewitness composites: the police artist and his rivals. (Great Britain), Medicine, Science, and the Law, Vol 26, No 4, pp 283-290, October, 1986,

Davies, Graham M., The legal impact of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: British and American experiences. (given at the 91st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in August 1983), Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 24, No 3, pp 165-175, May, 1984.

Davies, Graham; Christie, Donald. Face recall: An examination of some factors limiting composite production accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1982 Feb Vol 67(1) 103-109.

Davies, Graham; Milne, Alan, Eyewitness composite production: a function of mental or physical reinstatement of context. (includes bibliography), Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol 12, No 2, pp 209-220, June, 1985,

Davies. G.. & Thompson, D. (19g8). (Eds.), Memorv in context: Context in memory. London: Wiley.

Davis, R. D., & Sinha, D. (1950). The effect of one experience upon the recall of another. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 43-52.

Daw, P. S., & Parkin, A. J. (1981). Observations on the efficiency of two different processing strategies for remembering faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 35, 351-355.

Deffenbacher, K. (1983). The influence of arousal on reliability of testimony. In S. M. A. LloydBostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.)~ Evaluating witness evidence: Recent psychological

Deffenbacher, K. A. (1980). Eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Can we infer anything about their relationship? Law and Human Behavior, 4, 243-260.

Deffenbacher, K. A. (1981). The influence of arousal on reliability of testimony. Paper presented at meeting of the SSRC Law and Psychology Conference, Trinity College, Oxford.

Deffenbacher, K. A. (1983). The influence of arousal on reliability of testimony. In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock and B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence. Chichester, Great Britain: John Wiley & Sons.

Deffenbacher, K. A. & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Do jurors share a common understanding concerning eyewitness behavior? Law and Human Behavior, 6, 15-30.

Deffenbacher, K. A. & Homey, J. (1981). Psycholegal aspects of face identification. In G. Davies, H. Ellis, & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces. London and New York: Academic Press.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C. (1986, August). Predicting eyewitness accuracy from confidence: The optimality hypothesis. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Brown, E. L., & Sturgill, W. (1978). Some predictors of eyewitness memory accuracy. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Deffenbacher, K. A. (1980). Eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Can we infer anything about their relationship? Luw and Human Behavior, 4, 243-260.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Carr, T. H., & Leu, J. R. (1981). Memory for words, pictures, and faces: Retroactive interference, forgetting, and reminiscence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 299-305.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Leu, J. R., & Brown, E. L. (1979, November). Remembering faces and their immediate context. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Phoenix.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Leu, J. R., & Brown, E. L. (1981). Memory for faces: Testing method, encoding strategy, and confidence. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 13-26.

Deffenbacher. K. (1980). Eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Can we infer anything about their relationship'? Law and Human Behavior, 4, 243-260.

Deffenbacher. K. A., & Loftus. E. F. (198~). Do jurors share a common understanding concerning eyewitness behavior? L~IW ~lnd Human Behavior 6. 15-30.

Dell, G. S., Ratcliff, R., & McKoon, G. (1981). Study and test repetition effects in item recognition priming. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 497-511.

Dent, H. R. (1977). Stress as a factor influencing person recognition in identification parades. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 30, 339-340.

Dent, H. R. (1978). Interviewing child witnesses. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Dent, H. R., & Stephenson, G. M. (1979). Identification evidence: Experimental investigations of factors affecting the reliability of juvenile and adult witnesses. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, & S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Dent, H. R., & Stephenson. G. M. (1979). An experimental study of the effectiveness of different techniques of questioning child witnesses. British Journal oJ Social and Clinical Psvchology, l~, 41-51.

DePaulo, B. M., & Kirkendol, S. E. (1989). The motivational impairment effect in the communication of deception. In J. C. Yuille (Ed.), Credibility Assessment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.

DePaulo, B. M., & Rosenthal, R. (1979). Telling lies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1713-1722.

Deutsch, J. A., ~ Deutsch, D. ( l963). Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review, 70, 80-90.

Devine, P. G., & Malpass, R. S. (1985). Orienting strategies in differential face recognition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 33-40.

Devlin, Rt. Hon. Lord Patrick (chair). (1976). Report to the secretary of state for the house department of the departmental committee on evidence of identification in criminal cases. London: Stationery Office.

Devlin. Hon. L. P. Report to the secretary of state for the home department of the departmental committee on evidence of identification in criminal cases. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Of fice.

Dhanens, T. P., & Lundy, R. M. (1975). Hypnotic and waking suggestions and recall. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 23, 68-79.

Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1977). Developmental changes in the representation of faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 1-22.

Dixon, N. F. (1971). Subliminal perception: The nature of a controversy. London: McGraw Hill.

Dodd, D. H., & Bradshaw, J. M. (1980). Leading questions and memory: Pragmatic constraints. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 695-704.

Dodson, Chad; Reisberg, Daniel. Indirect testing of eyewitness memory: The (non)effect of misinformation. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1991 Vol 29(4) 333-336.

Doob, A. N., & Kirshenbaum, H. M. (1973). Bias in police lineups: Partial remembering. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1, 287-293.

Dooling, D. J., & Christiaansen, R. E. (1977). Episodic and semantic aspects of memory of prose. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory.

Doran, M. D., Bowman, D. O., & Pietrangeli, J. D. (1980). Sweep speed, time of exposure, and perceptual lag. The Journal of Psychology, 105, 175-179.

Dorcus, R. M. (1960). Recall under hypnosis of amnesic events. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 8, 57-61.

Dragone, G. A., Brown, M., Krane, A. R., Krane, R. V. (1980). Hypermnesia for pictures and for words: The role of recall modality (pictures vs. words). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 258-260.

Drake~ D. M. (1970). Perceptual correlates of impulsive and reflective behavior. Developmental Psychology, 2, 202-214.

Dricker, J., Butters, N.-; Berman, G., Samuels, I., & Carey, S. (1978). The recognition and encoding of faces by alcoholic Korsakoff and right hemispheric patients. Neuropsychologia, 16, 683-695.

Dritsas, W. J., & Hamilton, V. L. (1977). Evidence about evidence: Effects of presuppositions, item salience, stress, and perceiver set on accident recall. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.

Driver, E. D. (1968). Confessions and the social psychology of coercion. Harvard Law Review, 82, 42-61.

Duggan, L. M., Aubrey, M., Doherty, E., Isquith, P., Levine, M., & Scheiner, J. (1989). The credibility of chiidren as witnesses in a simulated child sexual abuse trial. In S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 71-99). New York: Duncan, B. L. (1976). Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup Dunker, K. (1939). The influence of past experience on perceptual properties. American Journal of Psychology, 52, 255-265.

Dunning, D., & Stern, L. B. (1992). Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate eyewi~ness identi~ications l!ia inquiries about decision processes. Unpublished manuscript, Cornell University.

Dunning, D., & Stern, L. B. (1991). Examining the generality of eyewitness hypermnesia: A close look at time delay and question type. Manuscript, Cornell University.

Durso, F. T., & Johnson, M. K. (1980). The effects of orienting tasks on recognition, recall, and modality confusion of pictures and words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 416-429.

Durso, F. T., & Johnson, M. K. (1980, May). Cued recall of pictures and words. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, St. Louis.

Dywan, J., & Bowers, K. S. (1983). The use of hypnosis to enhance recall. Science, 222, 184185.

Eagly, A. H. (1978). Sex differences in influence ability. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 86-116.

Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on the utilization and organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.

Ebbesen, E. B., & Konecni, V. J. (1980). On the external validity of decision-making research: What do we know about decisions in the real world? In T. S. Wallsten (Ed.), Cognitive processes in choice and decision behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Ebbinghaus, H. E. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New York: Dover.

Ebbinghaus. H. E. (1885/1964). Memorv. ,4 contribution to experimental psychology. ~ew York: Dover.

Efran, L. (1974). The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task. Journal of Research in Personality, 8, 45-54.

Egan, D. M., & Smith, K. H. (1979, October). Improving eyewitness identification: An experimental analysis. Paper presented at the American Psychology-Law Convention, Baltimore, MD.

Egan, D., Pittner, M., & Goldstein, A. G. (1977). Eyewitness identification: Photographs vs. live models. Law and Human Behavior, 1, 199-206.

Egeth, H. E., & McCloskey, M. (1983). Expert testimony about eyewitness behavior: Is it safe and effective? In G. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. London: Cambridge University Press.

Eich, J. E., Weingartner, H., Stillman, R. C., & Gillin, J. C. (1975). State dependent accessibility of retrieval cues in the retention of a categorized list. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 408-417.

Eich, J. E. (1980). The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval. Memory and Cognition, 8, 157-173.

Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1978). Confidence in judgment: Persistency in the illusion of validity. Psychological Review, 85, 395-416.

Ekman, P. (1989). Why lies fail and what behaviors betray a lie. In J.C. Yuille (Ed.), Credibility Assessment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Press.

Elliott, E. S., Wills E. J., & Goldstein A. G. (1973). The effects of discrimination training on the recognition of white and oriental faces. Bulletin of Psychonomic Sociology, 2, 71-73.

Elliott, M. L., Geiselman, R. E., & Thomas, D. J. (1981). Modality effects in short term recognition memory. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 85-104.

Elliott, Rogers. More on the discredibility of eyewitnesses. Psychological Reports, 1990 Dec 67(3, Pt 2) 1211-1215.

Elliott, Rogers; Farrington, Beth; Manheimer, Holly. Eyewitnesses credible and discredible. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1988 Dec Vol 18(16, Pt 2) 1411-1422.

Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Davies, G. M. (1980). The deterioration of verbal descriptions of faces over different delay intervals. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8, 101-106.

Ellis, H. D. (1975). Recognizing faces. British Journal of Psychology, 66, 409-426.

Ellis, H. D. (1982). The performance of witnesses on identity parades. Unpublished research report sponsored by the Home Office Research Unit.

Ellis, H. D. (1984). Practical aspects of face memory. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives (pp. 12-37). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis, H. D., & Deregowski, J. B. (1981). Within-race and between-race recognition of transformed and untransformed faces. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 27-35.

Ellis, H. D., Davies, G. M., & Shepherd, J. W. (1977). Experimental studies of face identification. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Aston.

Ellis, H. D., Davies, G. M., & Shepherd, J. W. (1977). Experimental studies of face identification. Journal of Criminal Defense, 3, 219-234.

Ellis, H. D., Deregowski, J. B., & Shepherd, J. W. (1975). Descriptions of white and black faces by white and black subjects. International Journal of Psychology, 10, 119-123.

Ellis, H. D., Jeeves. M. A., Newcombe, F., & Young, A. (1986). (Eds.), Aspects of Face Processing. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.

Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Bruce, A. (1973). The effects of age and sex upon adolescents' recognition of faces. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123, 173-174.

Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Davies, G. M. (1975). An investigation of the Photofit technique for recalling faces. British Journal of Psychology, 66, 29-37.

Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W. Gibling, F., & Shepherd. J. (1988). Stimulus factors in face learning. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. ~. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of ~nemory: Current research an~l issues. Volume 1: Memor~ in everv~lay life (pp. 136-l44). New

Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Davies, G. M. (1980). The deterioration of verbal descriptions of faces over different delay intervals. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8, 101-106.

Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Davies, G. M. (1979). Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features: Some implications for theories of face recognition. Perception, 8, 431-439.

Ellis, H., Shepherd, J., & Bruce, A. (1973). The effects of age and sex upon adolescents' recognition of faces. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 123, 173-174.

Ellis, Hadyn D.; Shepherd, John W.; Shepherd, Jean; Klin, Rhona H.; et al. Identification from a computer driven retrieval system compared with a traditional mug shot album search: A new tool for police investigations. Ergonomics, 1989 Feb Vol Goldstein, Alvin G.; Chance, June E.; Schneller, Ellison, K. W., & Buckhout, R. (1981). Ellis. H. D. . Ellison, K. W., & Buckhout, R. (1981). Psychology & Criminal Justice. New York: Harper & Row.

Ellsworth, P. C., & Tourangeau, R. (1981). On our failure to disconfirm what nobody ever said. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 263-269.

Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Alfini, J. J. (1977). Juridic decisions: In ignorance of the law or in light of it? Law and Human Behavior, 1, 163-189.

Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Alfini, J. J. (1982). Making jury instructions understandable. Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Co.

Engen, T., & Ross, B. (1973). Long term memory of odors with and without verbal descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 100, 221-227.

Erdelyi, M. H., & Stein, J. B. (1981). Recognition hypermnesia: The growth of recognition memory (d') over time with repeated testing. Cognition, 9, 23-33.

Erickson, B., Lind, E. A., Johnson, B. C., & O'Barr, W. M. (1978). Speech style and impression formation in a court setting: The effects of "power" and "powerless" speech. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 266-279.

Erikson, C. W., Morris, N., Yeh, Y. Y., O'Hara, W., & Durst, R. T. (1981). Is recognition accuracy really impaired when the target is repeated in the display? Perception and Psychophysics, 30, 375-385.

Ernest, C. H. (1980). Imagery ability and the identification of fragmented pictures and words. Acta Psychologica, 44, 51-57.

Ernest, C. H. (1979). Visual imagery ability and the recognition of verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 43, 253-269.

Eugenio, P., Buckhout, R., Kostes, S., & Ellison, K. W. (1979,September). Hypermnesia in the eyewitness to a crime. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

Evans, F. H., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1975). Contextual and temporal disorganization during posthypnotic amnesia. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.

Exonerated priest faces big debts. Newsweek: Update, March 31, 1980.

Eysenck, JH. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Fanselow, M. (1975). How to bias an eyewitness. Social Action and the Law, 2, 3-4.

Fanselow, M. (1975). How to bias an eyewitness: A review of research on expectancy applied to eyewitness identification testing. Social Action and the Law Newsletter, 2, (3),3-6.

Fanselow, M. S., & Buckhout, R. (1976). Nonverbal cueing as a source of biasing information in eyewitness identification testing. Unpublished manuscript, Brooklyn College.

Farrington, D. P., Hawkins, K., & Lloyd-Bostock, S. M. (Eds.). (1979). Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Farrington, D. P., & Hawkins, K. (1979). Psychological research on behavior in legal contexts. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, & S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Federal Rules of Evidence for United States Courts and Magistrates. (1975). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.

Federico, P. A. (1980). Domain of processing and recognition memory for shapes. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 16, 261-264.

Feingold, G. A. (1914). The influence of environment on identification of persons and things. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 5, 39-51.

Feinman, S., & Entwisle, D. R. (1976). Children's ability to recognize other children's faces. Child Development, 47, 506-510.

Feldman, R. S., Jenkins, L., & Popoola, O. (1979). Detection of deception in adults and children via facial expressions. Child Development, 50, 350-355.

Fernandez, A., & Glenberg, A. (1986). Changing environmental context does not reliably affect memory. Memory and Cognition, 13, 333-345.

Feuerlicht, R. S. (1977). Justice crucified: The story of Sacco and Vanzetti. New York: McGraw Hill.

Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight/foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, 288-299.

Fischhoff, B. (1977). Perceived informativeness of facts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 349-358.

Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1977). Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 552-564.

Fisher, G. (1968). Ambiguity of form: Old and new. Perception and Psychophysics, 4, 189-192.

Fisher, R. P. Quiglev, K. L., Brock, P., Chin, D., & Cutler, B. L. (1990). The effectiveness of the cognitive inten~iew in description and identification tasks. Paper presented at the American Psychology-Law Society, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Fisher, R. P., Geiselman, R. E., & Amador. M. (1989). Field test of the cognitive interview: Enhancing the recollection of actual victims and witnesses of crime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 722-727.

Fisher, R. P., & Quigley, K. L. (1991). Applying cognitive theory in public health investigations: Enhancing food recall. In J. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about Questions. New York: Sage Press.

Fisher, R. P., & Chandler, C. C. (1991). Independence between recalling interevent relations and specific events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 17, 722-733.

Fisher, R. P., & Cutler, B. L. (1992). The relation between consistency and accuracy of eyewitness lestimony. Third European Conference of Law and Psychology, Oxford.

Fisher, R. P., Geiselman, R. E., & Raymond, D. S. (1987a). Analysis of police interview techniques. Journal of Science and Administration. 15, 177-185.

Fisher, R. P., Geiselman, R. E., Raymond, D. S.. Jurkevich, L. M.. & Warhaftig, M. L. (1987b). Enhancing enhanced eyewitness memory: Refining the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration. lS, 291-297.

Fisher, Ronald P.; Geiselman, R. Edward; Raymond, David S.; Jurkevich, Lynn M.; et al. Enhancing enhanced eyewitness memory: Refining the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1987 Dec Vol 15(4) 291-297.

Fisher. R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory-enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Fishman, D. B., & Loftus, E. F. (1978). Expert psychological testimony on eyewitness identification. Law and Psychology Review, 4, 87-103.

Flagg, P. W., Potts, G. R., & Reynolds, A. G. (1975). Instructions and response strategies in recognition memory for sentences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 592-598.

Flanagan, E. J. (1981). Interviewing and interrogation techniques. In E. J. Grau (Ed.), Criminal and civil investigation handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Flavell, J. H. (1977). Cognitive development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Fleet M. L.. Brigham. J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). The confidence-accuracy relationship: The effects of confidence assessments and choosing. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, l7, 171-l87.

Fleishman, J. J., Buckley, M. L., Klosinsky, M. J., Smith, N., & Tuck, B. (1976). Judged attractiveness in recognition memory of women's faces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 709-710.

Flexser, A. J., & Tulving, E. (1978). Retrieval independence in recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 85, 153-171.

Flin, R. H., & Shepherd, J. W. (1986). Tall stories: Eyewitnesses' ability to estimate height and weight characteristics. Human Learning, 5, 29-38.

Flin, R. H. (1980). Age effects in children's memory for unfamiliar faces. Developmental Psychology, 16, 373-374.

Flin, Rhona H.; Shepherd, John W. Tall stories: Eyewitnesses' ability to estimate height and weight characteristics. Human Learning Journal of Practical Research and Applications, 1986 Jan Mar Vol 5(1) 29-38.

Foley, M. A., Santini, C., & Sopasakis, M. (1989). Discriminating between memories: Evidence for children's spontaneous elaborations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 48, 146169.

Foley, M. A., Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. (1983). Age-related changes in confusion between memories for thoughts and memories for speech. Child Development, 54, 51-60.

Foley, M. A., & Johnson, M. K. (1985). Confusion between memories for performed and imagined actions. Child Development, 56, 1145-1155.

Foley, M. A., Durso, F. T., Wilder, A., & Friedman, R. (1991). Developmental comparisons of explicit versus implicit imagery and reality monitoring. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, 1-13.

Ford, M., & Holmes. V. M. (1978). Planning units and syntax in sentence production. Cognition, 6, 35-53.

Foster, H. H., Jr. (1969). Confessions and the station house syndrome.

DePaul Law Review, 18, 684-693.

Fox, S. G., & Walters, H. A. (1986). Law and Human Behavior, 10, 215-228.

Fox, Steven G.; Walters, H. A. The impact of general versus specific expert testimony and eyewitness confidence upon mock juror judgment. Law and Human Behavior, 1986 Sep Vol 10(3) 215-228.

Fozard, J. L., & Thomas, J. C., Jr. (1975). Psychology of aging: Basic findings and some psychiatric applications. In J. G. Howells (Ed.), Modern perspectives in the psychiatry of old age. New York: Brunner, Mazel.

Frank, J. (1949). Courts on trial. Princeton: Princeton University.

Frank. J.. & Frank, B. (1957). Not guil~v. London: Gallancz, 1957.

Franken, R. E., & Rowland, G. L. (1978). Organizational factors in picture recognition. Acta Psychologica, 44, 41-452.

Franken, R. E., & Davis, J. (1975). Predicting memory for pictures from rankings of interestingness, pleasingness, complexity, figure ground and clarity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 243-247.

Frankfurter, F. (1927). The case of Sacco and Vanztti. New York: Little, Brown.

Franks, Ian M.; Miller, Gary. Eyewitness testimony in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 1986 Mar Vol 9(1) 38-45.

Franzen, S., & Sporer, S. L. (in press-a). Personenverwechslungen durch irrefuhrende Rekonstruktionsbilder: Zum EinHu,~ nachtr~iglicher lnformationen und der Wiederherstellung des Wahrnehmungskontextes. In S. L. Sporer ~ D. Meurer (Eds.), Die Beeinflu,~barkeit von

Fraser, I. H., Craig, G. L., & Parker, D. M. (1990). Reaction time measures of feature saliency in schematic faces. Perception, I9, 661-673.

Frazzini, S. F. (1981). Review of eyewitness testimony. The Yale Review, 70, XVIII-XX.

Freud, S. (1959). Psychoanalysis and the ascertaining of truth in courts of law, 1906. In Clinical papers and papers on technique: Collected papers (Vol. 2). New York: Basic Books.

Friedman, H. (1968). Magnitude of experimental effect and a table for its rapid estimation. Psychological Bulletin, 10, 245-251.

Frowley, J. N., & MacLeod, M. D. (1992). Stereotypes and Eyewitness Memory. Paper presented at the Third European Conference on Law & Psychology, Oxford.

Galanter, E. H., Hess, G., & Mandler E. (1962). Contemporary psychophysics. In R. Brown, E. Galanter, (Eds.), New directions in psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Galper, R. E. (1970). Recognition of faces in photographic negative. Psychonomic Science, 19, 207-208.

Galper, R. E. (1973). Functional race membership and recognition of faces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 37, 455-462.

Galper, R. E., & Hochberg, J. (1971). Recognition memory for photographs of faces. American Journal of Psychology, 84, 351-355.

Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty. London: Dent.

Gangestad. S., & Snyder, M. (1985). ' To carve nature at its joints": On the existence of discrete classes in personality. Psychological Review, 92, 317-349.

Garcia, L. T., & Griffitt, W. (1978). Impact of testimonial evidence as a function of witness characteristics. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 37-40.

Gardner, D. S. (1933). The perception and memory of witnesses. Cornell Law Quarterly, 18, 391-409.

Gardner H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theorv of multiple intelligences. New York: Cambridge Universitv Press.

Gardner. R. W., Holzman, P. S., Klein, G. S., Linton, H. B., & Spence. D. P. (1959). Cognitive control: A study of individual consistencies in cognitive behavior. Psychological Issues, I (Monograph 4).

Gartman, L. M., & Johnson, N. F. (1972). Massed versus distributed repetition of homographs: A test of the differential encoding hypothesis. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 801-808.

Gass, R. S. (1979). The psychologist as expert witness: Science in the courtroom. Maryland Law Review, 38, 539-561.

Gauld, A., & Stephenson, G. M. (1967). Some experiments relating to Bartlett's theory of remembering. British Journal of Psychology, 58, 39-49.

Geiselman, R. E. (in press).

Geiselman, R. E., & Bellezza, F. S. (1976). Long term memory for speaker's voice and source location. Memory and Cognition, 4, 483-489.

Geiselman, R. E., & Padilla, J. (1988). Interviewing child witnesses with the cognitive interview. Journal of Poliee Science and Administration, l6, 236-242.

Geiselman, R. E., & Bjork, R. A. (1980). Primary versus secondary rehearsal in imagined voices: Differential effects on recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 188-205.

Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., Firstenberg, I., Hutton, L. A., Sullivan, S., Avetissian, I., & Prosk, A. (1984). Enhancement of eyewitness memory: An empirical evaluation of the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 12, 74-80.

Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D. P. & Holland, H. L. (1985). Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 401-412.

Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon. D. P., & Holland, H. L. (1986). Enhancement of the eyewitness memory with the cognitive interview. American Journal of Psychology, 99, 385-401.

Geiselman, R. E.. Fisher, R. P., Firstenberg, I.. Hutton, L. A., Sullivan, S. J., Avetissian, I. V., & Prosk, A. L. (1984). Enhancement of eyewitness memory: An empirical evaluation of the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 12, 74-80.

Geiselman, R. E.. Fisher, R. P., Cohen, G., Holland, H., & Surtes, L. (1986). Eyewitness responses to leading and misleading questions under the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14 31-39.

Geiselman R. E.. Fisher. R. P.. MacKinnon, D. P.. & Holland, H. L. (1985). Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 401-412.

Geiselman, R. Edward; Fisher, Ronald P.; Cohen, Gina; Holland, Heidi; et al. Eyewitness responses to leading and misleading questions under the cognitive interview. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1986 Mar Vol 14(1) 31-39.

Geiselman. R. E., Saywitz, K. J., & Bornstein, G. K. (in press). Effects of cognitive questioning techniques on children's recall performance. To appear in G. Goodman & B. Bottoms (Eds. ), Understanding and improving children 's testimony: Developmental, clinical. and legal

Gentner, D., & Loftus, E. F. (1979). Integration of verbal and visual information as evidenced by distortions in picture memory. American Journal of Psychology, 92, 363-375.

George, R. (1991). Afield and experimental evaluation of three methods of interviewing witnessesl victims of crime. Unpublished manuscript. Polytechnic of East London, London.

Gerbasi, K. C., Zuckerman, M., & Reis, H. T. (1977). Justice needs a new blindfold: A review of mock jury research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 323-345.

Ghatala, E. S. (1981). Imagery and associative processing effects on incidental memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 47-55.

Gibling, Felicity; Davies, Graham. Reinstatement of context following exposure to post event information. British Journal of Psychology, 1988 Feb Vol 79(1) 129-141.

Gilbert v. California. (1967). 388 US 263; 87S Ct. 1951; 18 L Ed 2d 1178.

Glanzer, M. (1972). Storage mechanisms in recall. In G. H. Bower, & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation(Vol. 5). New York: Academic Press.

Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Research, 5, 3-8.

Glass, G. V., McGaw B., & Smith, M. L. (1981). Meta-analysis in social research. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Glenberg, A., & Epstein, W. (1985). Calibration of comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 702-718.

Godden, D., & Baddeley, A. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66, 325-331.

Godden, D., & Baddeley, A. (1980). When does context influence recognition memory? British Journal of Psychology, 71, 99-104.

Goethals, G. R. (1976). An attributional analysis of some social influence phenomena. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. E. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gogel, W. C. (1981). The role of suggested size in distance responses. Perception and Psychophysics, 30, 149-155.

Gogel, W. C., & Tietz, J. D. (1980). Relative cues and absolute distance perception. Perception and Psychophysics, 28, 321-328.

Going, M., & Read, J. D. (1974). Effects of uniqueness, sex of subject, and sex of photograph on facial recognition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 39, 109-110.

Goldberg, L. R. (1968). Simple models or simple processes? Some research on clinical judgments. American Psychologist, 23, 483-496.

Goldman, A. H. (1986). Cognitive psychologists as expert witnesses: A problem in professional ethics. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 29-45.

Goldstein, A. G. (1977). The fallibility of the eyewitness: Psychological evidence. In B. D. Sales (Ed.), Psychology in the legal process. New York: Spectrum.

Goldstein, A. G. (1979a). Race related variation of facial features: Anthropometric data I. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13, 187-190.

Goldstein, A. G. (1979b). Facial feature variation: Anthropometric data II. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13, 191-193.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. (1978, August). Memory for faces: Pattern recognition and eyewitness identification. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1965). Recognition of children's faces II. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 20, 548.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1976). Measuring psychological similarity of faces. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 7, 407-408.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1964). Recognition of children's faces. Child Development, 35, 129-136.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1971). Visual recognition memory for complex configurations. Perception and Psychophysics, 9, 237-241.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1979). Do "foreign" faces really look alike? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13, 111-113.

Goldstein, A. G., & Mackenberg, E. J. (1966). Recognition of human faces from isolated facial features: A developmental study. Psychonomic Science, 6, 149-150.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1978, August). Intra-individual consistency in visual recognition memory. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1964). Recognition of children's faces. Child Development, 35, 129-136.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1979, November). Memory for faces and schema theory. Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society Meeting, Phoenix.

Goldstein, A. G., Chance, J. E.. & Schneller, G. R. (1989). Frequency of eyewitness identification in criminal cases: A survey of prosecutors. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 71-74.

Goldstein, A. G., Johnson, K. S., & Chance, J. (1979). Does fluency of face description imply superior face recognition? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 13, 15-18.

Goldstein, A. G., Knight, P., Bailis, K., & Conover, J. (1980, November). The auditory analog of the other race effect: They all look alike but do they sound alike? Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis.

Goldstein, A. G., Stephenson, B., & Chance, J. (1977). Face recognition memory: Distribution of false alarms. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 416-418.

Goodman, G. S. (1980). Picture memory: How the action schema affects retention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 473-495.

Goodman, G. S. (1986). Reliability of children's eyewitness testimony. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Goodman, G. S. (1989). The emotional effects on child sexual assault victims of testifying in criminal court. Final report to the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.

Goodman, G. S., & Reed, R. S. (1986). Age differences in eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 317-332.

Goodman, G. S., & Michelli, J. A. (1981). Would you believe a child witness? Psychology, 15, 83-95.

Goodman, G. S., & Reed, R. S. (1986). Age differences in eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 317-332.

Goodman, G. S.. Bottoms, B. L., Herscovici, B. B., & Shaver, P. (1989). Determinants of the child victim s perceived credibility. In S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 1-22). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Goodman, G. S.. Golding, J. M., & Haith M. M. (1984). Jurors' reactions to child witnesses. Journal of Social Issues, 40, 139-156.

Goodman, G. S.. Golding, J. M.. Helgeson, V. Haith, M. M., & Michelli, J. (1987). When a child takes the stand: Jurors' perceptions of children's eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 11. 27-40.

Goodman, Gail S. The child witness: Conclusions and future directions for research and legal practice. Journal of Social Issues, 1984 Sum Vol 40(2) 157-175.

Goodman, Gail S.; Golding, Jonathan M.; Helgeson, Vicki S.; Haith, Marshall M.; et al. When a child takes the stand: Jurors' perceptions of children's eyewitness testimon. Law and Human Behavior, 1987 Mar Vol 11(1) 27-40.

Goodman, Jane; Loftus, Elizabeth F. The relevance of expert testimony on eyewitness memory. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1988 Mar Vol 3(1) 115-121.

Goodrich, G. H. (1975). Should experts be allowed to testify concerning eyewitness testimony in criminal cases? Judges' Journal, 14, 70-71.

Gordon, I. E. (1981). Lateral organization and the perception of orientation in pictures: A comment on Friemuth and Wapner's experiment. British Journal of Psychology, 72, 317-319.

Gordon, I. E., Zukas, M., & Chan, J. (1981). Responses to schematic faces: A cross-cultural study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54, 201-202.

Gorenstein, G. W., & Ellsworth, P. (1980). Effect of choosing an incorrect photograph on a later identification by an eyewitness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 616-622.

Gourevitch, V., & Galanter, E. (1967). A significance test for one parameter isosensitivity functions. Psychometrika, 32, 25-33.

Graefe, T. M., & Watkins, M. J. (1980). Picture Rehearsal: An effect of selectively attending to pictures no longer in view. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 156-162.

Graham, Ernest S.; Kabacy, Robert E. Expert testimony by psychologists: Novel scientific evidence. Law and Psychology Review, 1990 Spr Vol 14 71-85.

Greenberg, M. S., Wilson, C. E., & Mills, M. K. (1982). An experimental approach to victim decision making. In V. J. Konecni, & E. B. Ebbessen (Eds.), Social psychological analysis of legal processes. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Greenberg, M. S., Wilson, C. E., Ruback, R. B., & Mills, M. K. (1979). Social and emotional determinants of victim crime reporting. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 364-372.

Greene, E. (1981). Whodunit? Memory for evidence in text. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 479-496.

Greene, E., & Loftus, E. F. (1985). When crimes are joined at trial. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 193-207.

Greene, E., Flynn, M. S., & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 207-219.

Greene, E., Wilson, L., & Loftus, E. (1986). Hypnotic testimony and jury decision-making. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Greene, E., Wilson, L., & Loftus, E. (1986). Hypnotic testimony and jury decision-making. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Greene, Edith. Judge's instruction on eyewitness testimony: Evaluation and revision. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1988 Mar Vol 18(3, Pt 1) 252-276.

Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideo-motor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73-99.

Greenwald, A. g. (1975). Consequence of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 1-20.

Greer, D. S. (1978). Anything but the truth? The reliability of testimony in criminal trials. In J. Baldwin, & A. K. Bottomley (Eds.), Criminal justice: Selected readings. London: Martin Robertson.

Gregory R. Frequency of eyewitness identification in criminal cases: A Green, Debra L.; Geiselman, R. Edward. Building composite facial images: Effects of feature saliency and delay of construction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989 Oct Vol 74(5) 714-721.

Grether, W. F., & Baker, C. A. (1972). Visual presentation of information. In H. P. Van Cott, & R. G. Kinkade (Eds.), Human engineering guide to equipment design. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office.

Grier, J. B. (1971). Nonparametric indexes for sensitivity and bias: Computing formulas. Psychological Bulletin, 75, 424-429.

Gross, H. (1911). Criminal psychology (4th ed.) (M. Kallen, translation), Mount Claire, NJ: Paterson Smith.

Gruneberg, M. M., & Morris, P. E. (Eds.). (1979). Applied problems in memory. New York: Academic Press.

Gruneberg, M. M., Morris, P. E., & Sykes, R. N. (1978). Person recognition: More than a pretty face. New York: Academic Press.

Gruneberg, M. M., Morris, P. E., & Sykes, R. N. (1978). Sex differences in facial memory. New York: Academic Press.

Guenther, R. K. (1980). Conceptual memory for picture and prose episodes. Memory and Cognition, 8, 563-572.

Guenther, R. K., Klatzky, R. L., Putnam, W. (1980). Commonalities and differences in semantic decisions about pictures and words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 54-74.

Guttentag, R. E. (1985). Memory and aging: Implications for theories of memory developmenat during childhood. Developmental Review, 5, 56-72.

Hall, D. F. (1980, May). Memory for faces and words: Effects of stimulus presentation interval and depth of processing. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, St. Louis.

Hall, D. R., & Ostrom, T. M. (1975). Accuracy of eyewitness identification after biased or unbiased instructions. Unpublished manuscript, Ohio State University.

Hall, J. A., Rosenthal, R., Archer, D., Dimatteo, M. R., & Rogers, P. L.(1978). Decoding wordless messages. Human Nature, 1, 68-75.

Hamilton, D. L. (1979). A cognitive-attributional analysis of stereotyping. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 12). New York: Academic Press.

Hamilton, V., & Warburton, D. M. (Eds.). (1979). Human stress and cognition: An information processing approach. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Haney, C. (1984a). Examining death qualification. Law and Human Behavior, 8, 133-154.

Haney, C. (1984b). On the selection of capital juries: The biasing effects of death qualification process. Law and Human Behavior, 8, 121-132.

Hansson, R. O., Noulles, D., & Bellovich, S. J. (1982). Social comparison and urban environmental stress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 68-73.

Hargraves, W. A., & Starkweather, J. A. (1963-64). Recognition of speaker identity. Language and Speech, 6, 63-67.

Harmon, L. D. (1973). The recognition of faces. Scientific American, 229, 71-82.

Harris, R. J. (1973). Answering questions containing marked and unmarked adjectives and adverbs. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 97, 399-401.

Hart, J. T. (19 ). Memory and the feeling of knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 3-12.

Hart, J. T. (1967). Memory and the memory monitoring process. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 685-691.

Hasher, L., & Griffin, M. (1978). Reconstructive and reproductive processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 4, 318-330.

Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, l08, 356-388.

Hasher, L., Attig, M. S., & Alba, J. W. (1981). I knew it all along: Or, Did I? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 86-96.

Hashtroudi, S. . Johnson. M. K., & Chrosniak, L. D. (1990). Aging and qualitative characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined complex events. Psychology and Aging, 5, 119126.

Hashtroudi, S., Johnson, M. K., & Chrosniak, L. D. (1989). Aging and source monitoring. Psychology and Aging, 4, 106- 112.

Hastie, R. (1975). Intralist repetition in free recall: Effects of frequency attribute recall instructions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 49, 129-134.

Hastie, R. (1980, June). From eyewitness testimony to beyond reasonable doubt. Paper presented at the meeting of the Law and Society Association and the Research Committee on Sociology of Law of the International Sociological Association, Madison, Wisconsin.

Hastie, R. (1986). Notes on the psychologist expert witness. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 79-82.

Hastie, R., Landsman, R., & Loftus, E. F. (1978). Eyewitness testimony: The dangers of guessing. Jurimetrics Journal, 19, 1-8.

Hastie, R., Loftus, E. F., Penrod, S., & Winkler, J. D. (1977). Eyewitness testimony: Review of the psychological literature. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.

Hastings, M. W. (1982). Effectiveness of face-name learning strategies. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54, 167-170.

Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril H. (1954). They saw a game: A case study. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 129-134.

Hastorf, A. H., Schneider, D. J., & Polefka, J. (1970). Person perception. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

Hatton, D. E., Snortum, J. R., & Oskamp, S. (1971). The effects of biasing information and dogmatism upon witness testimony. Psychonomic Science, 23, 425-427.

Hatvany, N., & Strack, F. (1980). The impact of a discredited key witness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, in press.

Haugaard, Jeffrey J.; Reppucci, N. Dickon; Laird, Jennifer; Nauful, Tara. Children's definitions of the truth and their competency as witnesses in legal proceedings. Law and Human Behavior, 1991 Jun Vol 15(3) 253-271.

Haward, L. (1981). Forensic psychology. London: Batsford.

Haward, L. R. C. (1979). The psychologist as expert witness. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, & S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law, and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Hay, D. C.. Young, A.W., & Ellis. A. W. (1986). What happens when a face rings a bell?: The automatic processing of famous faces. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe, & A. Young (Eds.) Aspects offace processing. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Nijhoff.

Headley, D. B. (1981). Pupillometric assessment of retrieval operations in factual long term memory. Acta Psychologica, 49, 109-126.

Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

Heider, F., & Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57, 243-259.

Henke, E. (1838). Handbuch des Criminalrechts und der Criminalpolitik. Vierter Teil. Berlin: Nicolai.

Herrmann, D. J. (1982). Know thy memory: The use of questionnaires to access and study memory. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 434-452.

Hertel, P. T., Cosden, M., & Johnson, P. J. (1980). Passage recall: Schema change and cognitive flexibility. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 133-140.

Heuer, L. B., & Penrod, S. (1984, August). A field experiment on jury decisionmaking. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.

Heuer, L. B., & Penrod, S. D. (In press). Increasing jurors' participation in trials: A field experiment with jury notetaking and question asking. Law and Human Behavior.

Heuer, L. B., & Penrod, S. D. (In press). Instructing jurors: A field experiment with written and preliminary instructions. Law and Human Behavior.

Hilgard, E. R., & Loftus, E. F. (1979). Effective interrogation of the eyewitness. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 342-357.

Hilgard, E. R., Atkinson, R. C., & Atkinson, R. L. (1958). Introduction to psychology. New York: Wiley.

Hilgendorf, L. E., & Irving, B. L. (1978). False positive identification. Medical Science Law, 18, 255-262.

Hiller, D. V. (1982). Overweight as master status: A replication. Journal of Psychology, 110(1), 107-113.

Hintzman, D. L. (1976). Repetition and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 10). New York: Academic Press.

Hintzman, D. L. (1978). The psychology of learning and memory. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Hintzman, D. L., Block, R. A., & Inskeep, N. R. (1972). Memory for mode of input. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Beha~ior, 11, 741-749.

Hintzman, D. L., Summers, J. J., & Block, R. A. (1975). What causes the spacing effect? Some effects of repetition, duration, and spacing on memory for pictures. Memory and Cognition, 3, 287-294.

Hirschberg, M. (1960). Das Fehlurteil im Strafproze,~. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Hirschberg, N., Jones, L. E., & Haggerty, M. (1978). What's in a face: Individual differences in face perception. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 488-499.

Hochberg, J., & Galper, R. (1967). Recognition of faces: I. An exploratory study. Psychonomic Science, 9, 619-620.

Hochberg, J., & Galper, R. (1974). Attribution of intention as a function of physiognomy. Memory and Cognition, 2, 39-42.

Hock, H. S., & Schmelzkopf, K. F. (1980). The abstraction of schematic representations from photographs of real world scenes. Memory and Cognition, 8, 543-554.

Hockey, G. R. J., & Hamilton, P. (1970). Arousal and information selection in short term memory. Nature, 226, 866-867.

Hockey, G. R. J. (1978). Arousal and stress in human memory: Some methodological and theoretical considerations. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Hocking, J. E., Miller, G. R., & Fontes, N. E. (1978). Videotape in the courtroom: Witness deception. Trial, 14, 52-55.

Hoffheimer, Michael H. Effect of particularized instructions on evaluation of eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Psychology Review, 1989 Spr Vol 13 43-58.

Hoffman, C. & Kagan S. (1977). Field dependence and facial recognition. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 119-124.

Hogarth, R. M. (1980). Judgment and choice: The psychology of decision. Chichester: Wiley.

Holden, C. (1980). Forensic use of hypnosis on the increase. Science, 208, 1443-1444.

Hollin, C. R. (1981). Nature of the witnessed incident and status of interviewer as variables influencing eyewitness recall. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 295-296.

Hollin, C. R. (1984). Arousal and eyewitness memory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 266.

Holyoak, K. J., & Gordon, P. C. (1984). Information processing and social cognition. In R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Cognition (Vol. 1), pp. 39-70.

Hooker, B. (1914). Hugo Munsterberg's "Psychology and social sanity". The Bookman, 39, 454-457.

Horowitz, I. A., Bordens, K. S., & Feldman, M. S. (1980). A comparison of verdicts obtained in separate and joined criminal trials. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 444-456.

Horvath, F. S., & Reid, J. E. (1971). The reliability of polygraph examiner diagnosis of truth and deception. Journal of Criminal Law, 62, 276-281.

Hosch, H. M. (1980). A comparison of three studies of the influence of expert testimony on jurors. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 297-302.

Hosch, H. M. (1993). Individual differences in personality and eyewitness identification. In D. Ross, J. D. Read. & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hosch, H. M., & Cooper, D. S. (1981). Victimization and self-monitorinP as determinants of eyewitness accuracy. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas at El Paso.

Hosch, H. M., & Cooper, S. D. (1982). Victimization as a determinant of eyewitness accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 649-652.

Hosch, H. M., & Platz, S. J. (1984). Self-monitoring and eyewitness accuracy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 289-292.

Hosch, H. M., Beck, E. L., & McIntyre, P. (1980). Influence of expert testimony regarding eyewitness accuracy on jury decisions. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 287-296.

Hosch, H. M., Leippe, M. R., Marchioni, P. M., & Cooper, D. S. (1984). Victimization, self-monitoring, and eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 280-288.

Hosch, H. M.. Bothwell, R. K., Sporer. S. L., & Saucedo, C. (1990). The accuracy of witness' choice: Facial recognition abilitv, reaction time. and confidence. Southwestern Psychological Association, Houston, T8.

Hosch. H. M., Bothwell. R. K.. Sporer. S. L.. & Saucedo. C. (1991). Assessing eyewitness identification accuracy: An individual differences approach. Southeastern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.

Houts, M. (1963). From evidence to guilt. Springfield, IL.: Charles C. Thomas

Houts, M. (1981). The accuracy/fallibility of eyewitness reporting. Trauma, 23, 1-6.

Hovland, C. I., Janis, I., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Howe, M. I. A. (1970). Repeated presentation and recall of meaningful prose. Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 214-219.

Howells, T. H. (1928). A study of ability to recognize faces. Applied Psychology, 12, 317-334.

Howells, T. H. (1938). A study of ability to recognize faces. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 33, 124-127.

Huff, C. R. . Rattner, A. . & Sagarin, E. (1986). Guilty until proven innocent: Wrongful conviction and public policy. Crime and Delinquency, 32, 518-544.

Hultsch, D. F.. & Dixon. R. A. (1991). Learning and memory and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.

Humphreys, M. S., & Bowyer, P. A. (1981). Cued recall and cue recognition: How similar are the processes. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 65-84.

Hunt, E. B., Davidson, J., & Lansman, M. (1981). Individual differences in long term memory access. Memory and Cognition, 9, 599-608.

Hunt, E., Frost, N., & Lunneborg, C. L. (1973). Individual differences in cognition: A new approach to intelligence. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation(Vol. 7). New York: Academic Press.

Hunter, I. M. L. (1978). The role of memory in expert mental calculations. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Hunter, I. M. L. (1964). Memory. Baltimore: Penguin.

Hunter, I. M. L. (1979). Memory in everyday life. In M. M. Gruneberg, & P. E. Morris (Eds.), Applied problems in memory. New York: Academic Press.

Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L., & Jackson, G. B. (1982). Meta-analysis: Cumulating research findings across studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hurwitz, D., Hirschberg-Wiggins, N., & Jones, L. E. (1975). A semantic differential for facial attribution: The face differential. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 370-372.

Hutchins, R., & Slesinger, H. (1928). Some observations of the law of evidence: Memory. Harvard Law Review, 41, 860-873.

Hutchins, R., & Slesinger, D. (1929). Legal psychology. Psychological Review, 36, 13-26.

impairment in children's suggestibility. Zaragoza, M. S., & McCloskey, M. (1989). Misleading postevent information and the memory impairment hypothesis: Comment on Belli and reply to Tversky and Tuchin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 92-99.

In M. L. Howe, C. J. Brainerd, & V. F. Reyna (Eds.), The development of long-term retention. New York: Springer-Verlag.

in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 345-351.

Intraub, H. (1979). The role of implicit naming in pictorial encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 78-87.

Izard, C. E. (1981). Differential emotions theory and the facial feedback hypothesis of emotion activation: Comments on R. Tourangeau and P. C. Ellsworth's "The role of facial response in the experience of emotion". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 350-354.

Izawa, C. (1978). Effects of two retention interval components on performance differences between study-test and anticipation methods in paired associate learning. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 19, 151-158.

Izawa, C. (1980). Empirical examinations of the retention interval hypothesis: Comparisons of learning methods when learning is difficult. The Journal of General Psychology, 103, 117-129.

Izawa, C. (1981). The retention interval hypothesis and backward associations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 33, 229-241.

Izawa, C., Hayden, R. G., & Isham, K. L. (1980). Sensory modality and method of item information presentation in memory. Acta Psychologica, 44, 131-145.

J. D., Barnsley, R. H., Ankers, K., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1978). Variations in severity of verbs and eyewitnesses' testimony: An alternative interpretation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 46, 795-800.

J. D., Hammersley, R. H., Cross-Calvert. S., & McFadzen, E. (1989). Rehearsal of faces and details in action events. Applied Cognilive Psychology, 3, 295-311.

J. D.. Tollestrup, P., Hammersley, R. H., McFadzen, E., & Christensen, A. (1990). The unconscious transference effect: Are innocent bystanders ever misidentified? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4,~3-31.

Jaccoby, L. (1983). Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of an experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 21-38.

Jaccoby, L. L., & Witherspoon, D. (1982). Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 300-324.

Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541.

Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110, 306-340.

Jacoby, L. L., & Kelley, C. M. (1992). Unconscious influences of memory: Dissociations and automaticity. In D. Milner & M. Rugg (Eds.), T~le neuropsychology of consciousness (pp. 201-233). New York: Academic Press.

Jacoby, L. L., & Brooks, L. R. (1984). Nonanalvtic cognition: Memory, perception, and concept learning. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 18, pp. 1-47). New York: Academic Press.

Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & Dywan, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.). Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

Jacoby, L. L.. & Whitehouse, K. (1989). An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced bv unconscious perception. Journal of EYperimental Psychology: General. 118, 126-135.

Jacoby, L. L.. Lindsay, D. S., & Toth, J. P. (in press). Unconscious processes revealed: A question of control. American Psychologist.

Jacoby, L. L.. Woloshyn, V., & Kelley, C. M. (1989). Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious inHuences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psvchology: General, 118, llS-125.

James, C. T., Hillinger, M. L., & Murphy, B. J. (1977). The effects of complexity on confidence ratings in linguistic integration. Memory and Cognition, 5, 355-361.

Janssen. J. P.. & Horowski, A. (1980). Students' estimates of stature: Tendency to accentuate as a cognitive style in person perception. Zeitschrift fur Enteicklungspsychologie und Pad agogische Psychologie, 12(2), 167-176.

Jenkins, F., & Davies, G. (1985). Contamination of facial memory through exposure to misleading composite pictures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 164-176.

Jenkins, J. R., Stack, W. B., & Deno, S. L. (1969). Children's recognition and recall of picture and word stimuli. Audiovisual Communication Review, 17, 265-271.

Johansson, G. (1975). Visual motor perception. Scientific American, 232(6), 76-89.

Johnson, B. T. (1989) DSTAT: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures. Hillsdale~ ~J: Erlbaum.

Johnson, C., & Scott, B. (1976, September). Eyewitness testimony and suspect identification as a function of arousal, sex of witness, and scheduling of interrogation. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

Johnson, M. D., & Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85.

Johnson, M. K. . Foley, M. A. . Suengas. A. G. . & Raye, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psvchology: General, 117! 371-376.

Johnson, M. K. (1983). A multiple-entry, modular memory system. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychol~gy of learning and motivation (Vol. 17, pp. 81-123). New York: Academic Press.

Johnson, M. K. (1988). Discriminating the origin of information. In T. F. Oltmanns & B. A. Maher (Eds.), Delusional beliefs: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 34-65). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Johnson, M. K., & Lindsay, D. S. (1986). Despite McCloskey and Zaragoza, suggestibility effects may reflect memory impairment. Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

Johnson, M. K., & Hasher, L. (1987). Human learning and memory. Annual Review of Psycholo~y, 38, 631-668.

Johnson, M. K., & Hirst, W. (1991). Processing subsystems of memory. In H. J. Weingartner & R. G. Lister (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience (pp. 197-217). New York: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, M. K., & Raye, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85.

Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1992). Source moniloring. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Foley, H. J., & Foley, M. A. (1981). Cognitive operations and decision bias in reality monitoring. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 37-64.

Johnson, M. K.. & Grisso. T. J. (1986. August). On the credibility of child witnesses: The jurv is still out. Symposium paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. Washington, D.C.

Johnson, M. K.. Kahan, T.I., & Raye, C. L. (1984). Dreams and reality monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psvchology: Ceneral 133 3~9-344.

Johnston, W. A., Greenberg, S. N., Fisher, R. P., & Martin, D. W. (1970). Divided attention: A vehicle for monitoring memory processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 83, 164171.

Johrg, S., & Hohrmann, H. (1978). The influence of general and specific verbal labels on the recognition of labeled and unlabeled parts of pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 445-454.

Jones, A. (1977). The Narciso-Perez case: Nurse hunting in Michigan. Nation, 224, 584-588.

Jones, D. M. (1979). Stress and memory. In M. M. Gruneberg, & P. E. Morris (Eds.), Applied problems in memory. New York: Academic Press.

Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.

Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

Jones, G., & Smith P. K. (1984). The eyes have it: Young children's discrimination of age in masked and unmasked facial photographs. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 328-337.

Jones, G. V. (1978). Recognition failure and dual mechanisms in recall. Psychological Review, 85, 464-469.

Jones v. State, 232 Ga. 762, 208 S.E.2d 850 (1974).

Joseph, C. A., & Joseph, C. R. (1980). Effects on free recall of transforming orally presented nouns into printed or picture form. The Journal of General Psychology, 102, 135-141.

Joseph, C. A., Joseph, C. R., & Beasley, C. (1982). Effects on free recall and recognition of transforming visually presented words and pictures into trace or imagery form. The Journal of General Psychology, 106, 21-26.

Jou, J., & Harris, R. J. (1992). The effect of divided attention on speech production. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30, 301-304.

Kafer, N. F. (1981). Peer acceptance and facial recognition. The Journal of Psychology, 108, 291-295.

Kagan, J., Klein, R. E., Haith, M. M., & Morrison, F. J. (1973). Memory and meaning in two cultures. Child Development, 44, 221-223.

Kagehiro, D. K., & Stanton, W. C. (1985). Legal vs. quantitative definitions of standards of proof. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 159-178.

Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80, 237-251.

Kallio, Kenneth D.; Cutler, Brian L. Does lexical marking affect eyewitness recall. Journal of Psychology, 1987 May Vol 121(3) 249-258.

KaPan. J.. Rosman. B. L., Day, D. Albert. J.. & Phillips, W. (1964). Information processing in the child: Significance of analvtic and reflective attitudes. Psvchological Monographs, 78, ( l Whole No. 578).

Kaplan, M. F., & Kemmerick. G. D. (l974). Juror judgment as information integration: Combining evidential and nonevidential information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30 4~3-499.

Kargon, R. (1986). Expert testimony in historical perspective. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 15-27.

Kassin, S., Ellsworth. P. C., & Smith, V. L. (1989). The "General Acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: A survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 44, 1089-1098.

Kassin, S. M. (1985, August). Juries and the doctrine of entrapment. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

Kassin, S. M. (1985). Eyewitness identification: Retrospective self-awareness and the accuracy-confidence correlation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 878-893.

Kassin, S. M., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1980). Prior confessions and mock juror verdicts. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 133-146.

Kassin, S. M., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1985). Confession evidence. In S. M. Kassin and L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), The psychology of evidence and trial procedure. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Kassin, S. M., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1979). On the requirements of proof: The timing of judicial instructions and mock juror verdicts. Journal of Personality an Social Psychology, 37, 1877-1887.

Kassin, S. M., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1981). Coerced confessions, judicial instruction, and mock juror verdicts. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 11, 489-506.

Kassin S. M. Ri~by. S.. & Castillo, S. R. (1991). The accuracy-confidence correlation in evewitness testimony: Limits and extensions of the retrospective self-awareness effect. Journal of Personality an(l Social Psvchology, 61, 698-707.

Kassin, Saul M. Eyewitness identification: Victims versus bystanders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1984 Nov Dec Vol 14(6) 519-529.

Kassin, Saul M.; Rigby, Scott; Castillo, Sylvia R. The accuracy confidence correlation in eyewitness testimony: Limits and extensions of the retrospective self awareness effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991 Nov Vol 61(5) 698-707.

Katz, L. S., & Read, J. F. (1977). Expert testimony on the fallibility of eyewitness identification. Criminal Justice Journal, 1, 177-206.

Katz, R., Vesel, B., Buckhout, R., & Wolft (Eds.). (1975). A reliability checklist for lineups. Social Action and the Law Newsletter, 2, (3), 9-10.

Katzev, R. D., & Wishart, S. S. (1985). The impact of judicial commentary concerning eyewitness identifications on jury decision making. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 76, 733-745.

Kay, H. (1955). Learning and retaining verbal material. British Journal of Psychology, 46, 81-100.

Keating, C. F. (1985). Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 61-70.

Keating, C. F., Mazur, A., Segall, M. H., Cysneiros, P. G., Divale, W. T., Kilbride, J. E., Komin, S., Leahy, P., Thurman, B., & Wirsing, R. (1981). Culture and the perception of social dominance from facial expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 615-626.

Kelley, H. H. (1972). Attribution in social interaction. ln E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins, ~ B. Weiner (Eds.), Atlribution: Perceiving the causes oJ behavior. Morristown. NJ: General Learning Press.

Kemper, S. (1982). Filling the missing links. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 99-107.

Kennedy, D., Beard, D., & Carr, W. J. (1982). Differential recognition of the left vs. the right side of human faces. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 20, 72-73.

Kenney, D. (1986). Quantitative methods for social psychology. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook for social psychology (Vol. I), pp. 487-508. New York: Erlbaum

Keppel (1982).

Kerr, N. L., & Bray, R. M. (1982). The psychology of the courtroom. New York: Academic Press.

Kilbride, J. E., & Yarczower, M. (1980). Recognition and imitation of facial expressions: A cross-cultural comparison between Zambia and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 11, 281-296.

King, J. F., Zechmeister, E. B., & Shaughnessy, J. J. (1980). Judgments of knowing: The influence of retrieval practice. American Journal of Psychology.

Kintsch, W. (1974). The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kintsch, W., & Van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85, 363-394.

Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U.S. 682 (1972).

Kirk, R. (1968). Experimental design; Procedures for the behavioral sciences. Belmont, CA: Brooks-Cole.

Kirk R. E. (1982). Experimental design (2d ed). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Klatzky, R. L. ( l986). Levels of representation and memory for faces. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves. F. ~ewcombe, ~ A. Young (Eds.), Aspects of Face processing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Nijhoff.

Klatzky, R. L. (1980). Human memory: Structures and processes. San Francisco: Freeman.

Klatzky, R. L., Martin, G. L., & Kane, R. A. (1982). Semantic interpretation effects on memory for faces. Memory and Cognition, 10, 195-206.

Klatzky, R. L., Martin, G., & Kane, R. (1980). Facial stereotypes and face recognition. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, November.

Klatzky, R. L., Martin, G. L., & Kane, R. A. (1982). Influence of social-category activation on processing of visual information. Social Cognition, 1, 95-109.

Klee, Leseaux, & Tiberghein (1982). Nouveaux effets de contexte dans la rexonnaissance de visages non familiers. Revue de Psychologie Appliquee, 32, 109-119.

Kline, F. G., & Jess, P. H. (1966). Prejudicial publicity: Its effects on law school mock juries. Journalism Quarterly, 43, 113-120.

Knapp, M. J., Stohl, C., & Reardon, K. K. (1981, Autumn). "Memorable" messages. Journal of Communication, pp. 27-41.

Kogan, & Wallach. M. A. (1967). Risk taking as a function of the situation the person, and the group. In G. Mandler. P. Mussen. N. Kogan~ & M. A. Wallach (Eds.), New Directions in Psvchology, 111 (pp. 111-278). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Kogan, N . (1971) . Educational implications of co~nitive styles. In G . S . Lesser ( Ed . ), Psychology ~1nd Educational Practice (pp. '42-~9~). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Kohler, W. (1947). Gestalt psychology. New York: Leveright (Mentor).

Kohnken, G., & Brockman, C. (1986). How general is the post-event information effect? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Kohnken, G.. & Maass. A. (1988). Eyewitness testimony: False alarms on biased instructions? Journal of A pplied Psvchology, 73, 363-370.

Kohnken, Gunter. Training police officers to detect deceptive eyewitness statements: Does it work. Social Behaviour, 1987 Mar Vol 2(1) 1-17.

Kohnken, Gunter; Brockmann, Claudia. Unspecific postevent information, attribution of responsibility, and eyewitness performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1987 Jul Sep Vol 1(3) 197-207.

Kolers. P. A. (1976) . Reading a year later. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 554-565.

Konecni, V. J., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1986). Courtroom testimony by psychologists on eyewitness identification issues: Critical notes and reflections. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 117-126.

Konecni, V. J., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1979). External validity of research in legal psychology. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 39-70.

Konecni, V. J., & Ebbesen, E. B. (Eds.). (1982). The criminal justice system: A socio-psychological analysis. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Konecni, Vladimir J.; Ebbesen, Ebbe B. Courtroom testimony by psychologists on eyewitness identification issues: Critical notes and reflections. Special Issue: The ethics of expert testimon. Law and Human Behavior, 1986 Jun Vol 10(1 2) 117-126.

Konstadt. N.. & Forman, E. (1965). Field dependence and external directedness. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholoxy, 1 ~90-493.

Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 107-118.

Kosslyn, S. M. (1975). Information representation in visual images. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 341-370.

Kottoor, Thomas M. Recognition of faces by adults. Psychological Studies, 1989 Jul Vol 34(2) 102-105.

Kounios, J., & Johnson, M. K. (in preparation). Revival functions for reality monitoring and recognition.

Kounios, J., & Manis, M. (1980). Overriding base rates in the categorization of faces. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.

Kozlowski, L. T., & Cutting, J. E. (1977). Recognising the sex of a walker from a dynamic point-light display. Perception and Psychophysics, 21, 575-580.

Krafka, C., & Penrod, S. (1985). Reinstatement of context in a field experiment on eyewitness identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 58-69.

Krafka, C., & Penrod S. (1981, August). The relative influence of stimulus characteristics on eyewitness performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.

Kramer, E. (1963). Judgment of personal characteristics and emotions from nonverbal properties of speech. Psychological Bulletin, 60, 408-420.

Kramer, T. H.. Buckhout, R.. & Eugenio, P. (1990). Weapon focus. arousal, and eyewitness memory: Attention must be paid. Law alld Human Behavior, 14, 167-184.

Krell, Robert. Therapeutic value of documenting child survivors. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development, 1986 281-288.

Kroll, J. F., & Potter, M. C. Recognizing words, pictures, and concepts: A comparison of lexical, object, and reality decisions. Unpublished manuscript, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Kroll, J. F., & Corrigan, A. (1981). Strategies in sentence picture verification: The effect of an unexpected picture. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 515-531.

Kroll, Neal E.; Ogawa, Keith H.; Nieters, James E. Eyewitness memory and the importance of sequential information. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1988 Sep Vol 26(5) 395-398.

Krouse, F. L. (1981). Effects of pose, pose change, and delay on face recognition performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 651-654.

Kubie, L. S. (1959). Implications for legal procedure of the fallibility of human memory. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 108, 59-75.

Kubis, J. F. (1950). Experimental and statistical factors in the diagnosis of consciously suppressed affective experience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 6, 12-16.

Kuehn, L. L. (1974). Looking down a gun barrel: Person perception and violent crime. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 39, 1159-1164.

Kuraner, A. (1931). The consistency of testimonial accuracy. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 22, 406-413.

L.. & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1985). Methodological notes on the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identifications. Journal of Applied Psychology 70, 413-419.

Labelle, Louise; Lamarche, Marie C.; Laurence, Jean Roch. Potential jurors' opinions on the effects of hypnosis on eyewitness identification: A brief communication. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1990 Oct Vol 38(4)

Lacey, J. (1967). Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. In W. H. Appley, & R. Trumbull (Eds.), Psychological stress: Issues in research. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.

Lachman, R., Lachman, J. L., & Butterfield, E. C. (1979). Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman's place. New York: Harper & Row.

Landy, D., & Aronson, E. (1969). The influence of the character of the criminal and his victim on the decisions of simulated jurors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 141-152.

Lane, A. B. (1972). Effects of pose position on identification. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification, Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Lane, D. M., & Pearson, D. A. (1982). The development of selective attention. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 317-337.

Lane, Margaret J. Eyewitness identification: Should psychologists be permitted to address the jury. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1984 Win Vol 75(4) 1321-1365.

Lange, Kenneth H. Eyewitness expert permitted to testify in New York. Social Action and the Law, 1985 Vol 11(2) 41-46.

Langer, E. J., & Abelson. R. P. (1972). The semantics of asking a favor: How to succeed in getting help without really dving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 26-32.

Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1, 115-121.

Lanzetta, J. T., & Orr, S. P. (1981). Stimulus properties of facial expressions and their influence on the classical conditioning of fear. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 225-234.

Lassiter, G. D., & Stone, J. I. (April, 1983). The effects of perceptual level of analysis and leading questions on eyewitness reports. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia, PA.

Lassiter, G. Daniel; Stone, Julie I.; Rogers, Scott L. Memorial consequences of variation in behavior perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1988 May Vol 24(3) 222-239.

Laudan, L. (1984). Science and values: The aims of science and their role in scientific debate. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Laughery, K. R. (1972). Photograph type and cross-racial factors in facial identification. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Laughery, K. R., & Fowler, R. H. (1980). Sketch artist and identkit procedures for recalling faces. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 307-316.

Laughery, K. R., & Fowler, R. H. (1977). Factors affecting facial recognition. University of Houston Mug File Project, Report No. UHMUG-2.

Laughery, K. R., & Fowler, R. H. (1977, October). Facial recognition: Effects of changing accessories. Paper presented at Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 21st Annual Meeting, San Francisco.

Laughery, K. R., & Smith, V. L. (1978, October). Suspect identification following exposure to sketches and identkit composites. Paper presented at the meeting of the Human Factors Society, Detroit.

Laughery, K. R., & Fowler, R. H. (1979, November). Memory for faces: Task knowledge effects. Paper presented at the meeting of the Human Factors Society, Boston.

Laughery, K. R., & Fowler, R. H. (1980). Sketch artist and identkit procedures for recalling faces. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 307-316.

Laughery, K. R., Alexander, J. F., & Lane, A. B. (1971). Recognition of human faces: Effects of target exposure time, target position, and type of photograph. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 490-496.

Laughery, K. R., Fessler, P. K., Lenorovitz, D. R., & Yoblick, D. A. (1974). Time delay and similarity effects in facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 490-496.

Laughery, K. R., Smith, V. L., & Yount, M. B. (1980, October). Visual support devices: Evaluation of a new technique for constructing facial images. Paper presented at the meeting of the Human Factors Society, Los Angeles.

Laughery, K. R.. Alexander, J. F.. & Lane. A. B. (l971). Recognition of human faces: Effects of tar~et e~posure time. target position. ~nd type of photograph. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59 ~'~0-4~6.

Lavrakas, P. J., & Bickman, L. (1975). What makes a good witness? Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.

Lavrakas, P. J., Buri, J. R., & Mayzner, M. (1975). The effects of training and individual differences on the recognition of other race faces. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.

Lavrakas, P. J., Buri, J. R., & Mayzner, M. S. (1976). A perspective of the recognition of other race faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 20, 475-481.

Law and Human Behavior. (1986). 10.

Leibowitz, H. W., & Guzy, L. (1990). Can the accuracy of eyewitness testimony be improved by the use of non-verbal techniques? Paper presented at the American Psychology-Law Society, Williamsburg? Virginia.

Leight, K. A., & Ellis, H. C. (1981). Emotional mood states, strategies, and state-dependency in memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 251-256.

Leippe, M. R. (1980). Effects of integrative memorial and cognitive processes on the correspondence of eyewitness accuracy and confidence. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 261-273.

Leippe, M. R. (1982, March). Toward better and systematic interrogation of eyewitnesses: A state of the art review and prospectus. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Louisville, KY.

Leippe, M. R., & Romanczyk, A. (1987). Children on the witness stand: A communication/ persuasion analysis of jurors' reactions to child witnesses. In S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Childr~'s eyewitness memory (pp. 155-177). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Leippe, M. R., & Romanczyk, A. (1989). Reactions to child (versus adult) eyewitnesses: The inHuence of juror's preconceptions and witness behavior. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 103-132.

Leippe, M. R., Brigham, J. C., Cousins, C., & Romanczyk, A. (1989). The opinions and practices of criminal attorneys regarding child eyewitnesses: A survev. In S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, ~ M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children s testimony (pp. 10~130). New York: Leippe, Leippe, Leippe, M. R., Wells, G. L., & Ostrom, T. M. (1978). Crime Leippe, Michael R.; Romanczyk, Ann. Reactions to child (versus adult) eyewitnesses: The influence of jurors' preconceptions and witness behavior. Law and Human Behavior, 1989 Jun Vol 13(2) 103-132.

Leippe. M. R. (1980). Effects of integrative memorial and cognitive processes on the correspondence of eyewitness accuracy and confidence. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 261-274.

Lempert, R. O. (1986). Social sciences in court: On "eyewitness experts". Law and Human Behavior, 10, 167-181.

Lenorovitz, D. R., & Sussman, E. D. (1972). The discrimination similarities and differences in facial appearance: A pilot study. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas.

Lerner, R. M., & Moore, T. (1974) . Sex and status effects on perception of physical attractiveness. Psychological Reports, 34(3), 1047-1050.

Lerner, R. M., & Korn, S. J. (1972). The development of body-build stereotypes in males. Child Development, 43(3), 908-920.

Lesgold, A. M., & Petrush, A. R. (1977). Do leading questions alter memories? Unpublished manuscript, University of Pittsburgh.

Levelt, W. J. M., & Kelter, S. (1982). Surface form and memory in question answering. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 78-106.

Levine, F. J., & Tapp, J. L. (1973). The psychology of criminal identification: The gap from Wade to Kirby. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 121, 1079-1131.

Levine, F. J., & Tapp, J. L. (1982). Eyewitness identification: Problems and pitfalls. In V. J. Konecni, & E. B. Ebbesen (Eds.), The criminal justice system: A socio-psychological analysis. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Levy, Richard A. A method for the recovery of mishap related events lost to amnesia. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1987 Mar Vol 58(3) 257-259.

Lewis, M. S. (1975). Determinants of visual attention in real world scenes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 411-416.

Ley, R. G., & Bryden, M. P. (1979). Hemispheric differences in processing emotions and faces. Brain and Language, 7, 127-138.

Lezak, M. D. (1973-4). Some psychological limitations on witness reliability. Wayne Law Review, 20, 117-133.

Lichtenstein, S., & Fischoff, B. (1980).

Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1977). Do those who know more also know more about how much they know? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20, 159-183.

Lichtenstein, S., Fischoff, B., & Phillips, L. D. (1982). Calibration of probabilities: State of the art to 1980. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Light, L., Kayra-Stuart, F., & Hollander, S. (1979). Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 5, 212-228.

Light, L. L., Hollander, S. H., & Kayra-Stuart, F. (1981). Why attractive people are harder to remember. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 269-276.

Lind, A. (1977). Psychological perspectives on the justice system. Review of Psychology and the law: Research frontiers, edited by G. Bermant, C. Nemeth, & N. Vidmar. Contemporary Psychology, 22, 645-647.

Lind, E. A., Erickson, B., Conley, J. M., and O'Barr, W. M. (1978). Social attributions and conversational style in trial testimony. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1558-1567.

Linds~y, R. C. L., MacDon~kl. P.. & McGarry, S. (1989). Perspectives on the role of the eyewitness expert. Behavior(ll Sciences & the Law, ~, 457-4~4.

Lindsav, R. C. L. Lea. J. A., & Fulford, J. A. (1991). Sequential lineup presentation: Technique matters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 741-745.

Lindsay, D . S. (1990) . Misleading suggestions can impair eyewitnesses' ability to remember event details. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 10771083.

Lindsay, D. S., Johnson, M. K., & Kwon, P. (l991). Developmental changes in memory source monitoring. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 52, 297-318.

Lindsay, D. S. (1989). [A suggestibility effect obtained among subjects tested with a source monitoring test.] Unpublished raw data.

Lindsay, D. S. (1994). Memory source monitoring and eyewitness testimony. In Ross, D. F.. Read, J. D., & Toglia. M. P. (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and levelopments (pp. 27-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lindsay, D. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1989b). The reversed eyewitness suggestibility effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Societv, 27, 111-113.

Lindsay, D. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1989). The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition, 17, 349-358.

Lindsay, D. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1991). Recognition memory and source monitoring. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 29, 203-205.

Lindsay, D. Stephen. CHARMed, but not convinced: Comment on Metcalfe (1990). Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 1991 Mar Vol 120(1) 101-105.

Lindsay, D. Stephen; Johnson, Marcia K. The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory and Cognition, 1989 May Vol 17(3) 349-358.

Lindsay, P. H., & Norman, D. A. (1977). Human information processing: An introduction to psychology(2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Lindsay, R. C. L.. Wallbridge, H., & Drennan, D. (1987). Do the clothes make the man? An exploration of the effect of lineup attire on eyewitness identification accuracy. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 19, 463-478.

Lindsay, R. C. Confidence and accuracy of eyewitness identification from lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 1986 Sep Vol 10(3) 229-239.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1980). What Price Justice? Exploring the relationship of lineup fairness to identification accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 303-313.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & Rumpel, C. M. (1981). Cross-racial eyewitness identifications: It may be better if they all look alike. Unpublished manuscript, University of Alberta.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Lim. R., Marando, L.. & Cully, D. (1986). Mock-juror evaluations of eyewitness testimony: A test of metamemory hypotheses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 447-~59.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1980a). What is an eyewitness identification error? Unpublished manuscript, University of Alberta.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1983). What do we really know about cross-race eyewitness identification? In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence: Recent psychological research and new perspectives (pp. 219-234). New York: Wiley.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & Rumpel, C. M. (1981). Can people detect eyewitness identification accuracy within and across situations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 79-89.

Lindsay, R. C. L. (1986). Confidence and accuracy in eyewitness identification from lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 229-239.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1980). What Price Justice? Exploring the relationship of lineup fairness to identification accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 303-313.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving eyewitness identifications from lineups: Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 556-564.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells. G. L.. & O'Connor, F. J. (1989). Mock-juror belief of accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses: A replication and extension. Law and Human Behavior, I3, 333339.

Lindsay, R. C. L. (1986, March). Witness confidence and mock-jury belief in eyewitness testimony. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & Rumpel, C. M. (1980). Can people detect eyewitness-identification accuracy within and across situations? Journal of Applied Psychology, 1-31.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Lea, J. A., Bosworth, G. J., Fulford, J. A., Hector, J., Levan, V., & Seabrook, C. (in press). Biased lineups: Sequential presentation reduces the problem. Journal of Applied Psychology.

Lindsay, R. C. L. (1986, March). Witness confidence and mock-jury belief in eyewitness testimony. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Lindsay, R. C.; Wells, Gary L.; O'Connor, Fergus J. Mock juror belief of accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses: A replication and extension. Law and Human Behavior, 1989 Sep Vol 13(3) 333-339.

Lindsay, R. C.; Wallbridge, Harold; Drennan, Daphne. Do the clothes make the man? An exploration of the effect of lineup attire on eyewitness identification accuracy. Special Issue: Forensic psycholog. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 1987 Oct Vol 19(4) 463-478.

Lindsay, Rod C.; Lea, James A.; Nosworthy, Glenn J.; Fulford, Jennifer A.; et al. Biased lineups: Sequential presentation reduces the problem. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991 Dec Vol 76(6) 796-802.

Lindsay, Rod C.; Lea, James A.; Fulford, Jennifer A. Sequential lineup presentation: Technique matters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991 Oct Vol 76(5) 741-745.

Lindsay. R. C. L., Wells, G. L., & Rumpel, C. (1981). Can people detect eyewitness identification accuracy within and between situations'? Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 79-89.

Linton, M. (1982). Transformations of memory in everyday life. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts (pp. 77-91). San Francisco: Freeman.

Lipmann, P. (1911). Pedagogical psychology of report. Journal of Educational Psychology, 2, 253-261.

Lipscomb, Thomas J.; McAllister, Hunter A.; Bregman, Norman J. Bias in eyewitness accounts: The effects of question format, delay interval, and stimulus presentatio. Journal of Psychology, 1985 May Vol 119(3) 207-212.

Lipton, J. P. (1977). On the psychology of eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 90-93.

Lipton. J. P. (in press). Legal aspects of eyewitness testimony. In S. L. Sporer. R. S. Malpass, & G. Kohnken (Eds.), Psychological issues in evewitness identification. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

List, J. A. (1986). Age and schematic differences in the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Developmental Psychology, 22, 50-57.

Lloyd-Bostock, S. & Clifford, B. R. (1983). Evaluating witness evidence. London: Wiley.

Lochner, P. R., Jr. (1973). Some limits on the application of social science research in the legal process. Law and Social Order, 815-848.

Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4, 19-31.

Loftus, E. F. . & Goodman. J. (1985). Questioning witnesses. In S. M. Kassin & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), The psvchology of evidence and trial procedure (pp. 253-279). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Loftus, E. F. (1974). Reconstructive memory: The incredible eyewitness. Psychology Today, 8, 116-119.

Loftus, E. F. (1975, October). Eyewitness. Puget Soundings, pp. 32-37.

Loftus, E. F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560-572.

Loftus, E. F. (1976). Unconscious transference in eyewitness identification. Law and Psychology Review, 2, 93-98.

Loftus, E. F. (1977). Shifting human color memory. Memory and Cognition, 5, 696-699.

Loftus, E. F. (1978). Reconstructive memory processes in eyewitness testimony. In B. D. Sales (Ed.), Perspectives in law and psychology. New York: Plenum.

Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Loftus, E. F. (1979b). The malleability of human memory. American Scientist, 67, 312-320.

Loftus, E. F. (1980). Impact of expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 9-15.

Loftus, E. F. (1980b). Psychological aspects of courtroom testimony. In F. Wright, C. Bahn, & R. W. Rieber (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Forensic psychology and psychiatry (Vol. 347). New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.

Loftus, E. F. (1981). Eyewitness testimony: Psychological research and legal thought. In M. Tonry, & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 3). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Loftus, E. F. (1981). Mentalmorphosis: Alterations in memory produced by the mental bonding of new information to old. In J. Long & A. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance I8 (pp. 417-434). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Loftus, E. F. (1981). Mentalmorphisis: Alterations in memory produced by bonding new information to old. In J. B. Long & A. D. Baddeley (Eds.), Attention and performance (Vol. 9). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Loftus, E. F. (1983). Silence is not golden. American Psychologist, 38, 550-563.

Loftus, E. F. (1983). Silence is not golden. American Psychologist, 38, 564-572.

Loftus, E. F. (1983b). Whose shadow is crooked? American Psychologist, 38, 576-577.

Loftus, E. F. (1986a). Experimental psychologist as advocate or impartial educator. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 63-78.

Loftus, E. F. (1986b). Ten years in the life of an expert witness. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 241-263.

Loftus, E. F., & Zanni, G. (1975). Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 86-88.

Loftus, E. F., & Doyle, J. M (1989). Eyewitness testimony: Civil and criminal. Kluwer.

Loftus, E. F. & Schneider, N. G. (1987). "Behold with strange surprise"; Judicail reactions to expert testimony concerning eyewitness reliability. UMKC Law Review, 56, 1-45.

Loftus, E. F., & Monahan, J. (1980). Trial by data: Psychological research as legal evidence. American Psychologist, 35, 270-283.

Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. P. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589.

Loftus, E. F., & Greene, E. (1980). Warning: Even memory for faces may be contagious. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 323-334.

Loftus, E. F., & Monahan, J. (1980). Trial by data: Psychological research as legal evidence. American Psychologist, 35, 270-283.

Loftus, E. F., Altman, D., & Geballe, R. (1975). Effects of questioning upon a witness's later recollections. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 3, 162-165.

Loftus, E. F., Donders, K., Hoffman, H. G., & Schooler, J. W. (1989). Creating new memories that are quickly accessed and confidently held. Memory and Cognition, 17, 607-616.

Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about "weapon focus". Law and Human Behavior, 11, 55-62.

Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns. H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of E.rperimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, l9-31.

Loftus, G. R., & Kallman, H. J. (1979). Encoding and use of detail information in picture recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 197-211.

Loftus, G. R. (1972). Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 525-551.

Loftus, G. R. (1987). Eye fixations and recognition memory. C1ognitive Psvchology, 3 5'5-~57.

Loftus, G. R., & Loftus, E. F. (1976). Human memory: The processing of information. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

London, P. (1975). Beginning psychology. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

Loper, A. B., & Hallahan, D. P. (1982). Meta-attention: The development of awareness of the attentional process. The Journal of General Psychology, 106, 27-33.

Lord. C. G.. Ross, L.. & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation an~ attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.

Lower, J. S. (1978). Psychologists as expert witnesses. Law and Psychology Review, 4, 127-139.

Luce, T. S. (1977). The neglected dimension in eyewitness identification. Criminal Defense, 4, 5-8.

Luce, T. S. (1974, November). Blacks, whites, and yellows: They all look alike to me. Psychology Today, pp. 105-108.

Luus, C. A. E.. & Wells, G. L. (1991, June). Eyewitness confidence: Social inl~uence and belief perseverance. Symposium paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society. Washington. D. C.

Luus, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (1992). The malleability of eyewitness confidence: Social influence and perseverance eJ~ects. Manuscript under editorial review.

Luus, C. A. E.. & Wells. G. L. (this volume). Eyewitness identification certainty: Its causes and persuasive impact.

Luus, C. Elizabeth; Wells, Gary L. Eyewitness identification and the selection of distracters for lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 1991 Feb Vol 15(1) 43-57.

Lykken, D. T. (1975). The right way to use a lie detector. Psychology Today, 8, 56-60.

Lykken, D. T. (1960). The validity of the guilty knowledge technique: The effect of faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 44, 258-262.

Lykken, D. T. (1974). Psychology and the lie detector industry. American Psychologist, 29, 725-739.

M. R., Manion, A. P., & Romanczyk, A. (1992). Eyewitness persuasion: How and how well do fact finders judge the accuracy of adults' and children's memory reports? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 181-197.

Maass, A., & Kohnken, G. (1989). Eyewitness identification: Simulating the "weapon effect." Law and Human Behavior, 13(4), 397-408.

Maass, A., & Brigham, J. C. (1982). Eyewitness identifications: The role of attention and encoding specificity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 54-59.

Maass, A., & Clark, R. D., III. (1984). Hidden impact of minorities: Fifteen years of minority influence research. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 428-450.

Maass, A., Brigham, J. C., & West, S. G. (1985). Testifying on eyewitness reliability: Expert advice is not always persuasive. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 207-229.

Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Macht, M. L., Spear, N. E., & Levis, D. J. (1977). State-dependent retention in human induced by alternations in affective state. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 10, 415-418.

MacKinnon, David P.; O'Reilly, Kim E.; Geiselman, R. Edward. Improving eyewitness recall for licence plates. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1990 Mar Apr Vol 4(2) 129-140.

MacLeod, M. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (1986). Sex differences in eyewitness reports of criminal assaults. Medicine Science & Law, 26(4), 311-318.

MacLeod, Malcolm D.; Ellis, Hadyn D. Modes of presentation in eyewitness testimony researc. Human Learning Journal of Practical Research and Applications, 1986 Jan Mar Vol 5(1) 39-44.

Macmillan, N. A., & Kaplan, H. (1985). Detection theory analysis of group data: Estimating sensitivity from average hit and false-alarm rates. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 185-199.

MacWhinney, B., Keenan, J. M., & Reinke, P. (1982). The role of arousal in memory for conversation. Memory and Cognition, 10, 308-317.

Madigan, s., & Lawrence, V. (1980). Factors affecting item recovery and hypermnesia in free recall. American Journal of Psychology, 93, 489-504.

Madison man cleared of sexual assault charge. (1982, May 15). Capital Times, p. 38.

Mainguet, Christine. Common knowledge of factors influencing memory in the context of eyewitness testimony. Psychologica Belgica, 1990 Vol 30(1 2) 65-87.

Maki, R. H., & Schuler, J. (1980). Effects of rehearsal duration and level of processing on memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 36-45.

Malpass, R. S. (1975, May). Towards a theoretical basis for understanding differential face recognition. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.

Malpass, R. S. (1974). Racial bias in eyewitness identification? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1, 42-44.

Malpass, R. S. (1979). A cross-cultural face recognition field manual: Description and a validation study. In Eckensberger, Lonner, & Poortinga (Eds.), Cross cultural contributions to psychology. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.

Malpass, R. S. (1980, March 13). Personal communication.

Malpass, R. S. (1980). Differential recognition for faces of own and other race: A data summary. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York, Plattsburgh, New York.

Malpass, R. S. (1981). Training in face recognition. In G. H. Davies, H. D. Ellis, & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp. 271-285). London: Academic Press.

Malpass, R. S. (1981). Effective size and defendant bias in eyewitness identification lineups. Law and Human Behavior 5 299-309.

Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981). Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 482-489.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981b). Guided memory in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 343-350.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981c). Realism and eyewitness identification research. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 347-358.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1984). Research on suggestion in lineups and photospreads. In G. L. Wells and E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1978). Eyewitness identification: Realism vs the laboratory. Unpublished manuscript.

Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1983). Measuring the fairness of eyewitness identification lineups. In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock and B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence (pp. 81-102). Chichester, Great Britain: John Wiley & Sons.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1980). Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York, Plattsburgh.

Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981b). Guided memory in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 343-350.

Malpass, R. S., Devine, P. G., & Bergen, G. T. (1980). Realism vs. the laboratory. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York, Plattsburgh.

Malpass, R. S., Lavigueur, H., & Weldon, D. E. (1973). Verbal and visual training in face recognition. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 285-292.

Mandler, G. (1972). Organization and recognition. In E. Tulving, & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Mandler, G. (1980). Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review, 82, 252-271.

Mandler, G., Pearlstone, Z., & Koopmans, H. J. (1969). Effects of organization and semantic similarity on recall and recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 410-423.

Mandler, J. M., & Ritchey, G. H. (1977). Long-term memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 397-405.

Mandler, J. M., & Parker, R. E. (1976). Memory for descriptive and spatial information in complex pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 38-48.

Mandler, J. M., & Johnson, N. S. (1976). Some of the thousand words a picture is worth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 529-540.

Mandler, J. M., & Stein, N. L. (1974). Recall and recognition of pictures by children as a function of organization and distractor similarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 657-669.

Manion, A. P., Leippe. M. R., & Romanczyk, A. (in press). Discernibility of discrimination? Understanding jurors reactions to accurate and inaccurate child and adult eyewitnesses. In G. S. Goodman & B. Bottoms (Eds.), Understanding and improving children's eyewitness Marascuilo, L. Masson, M. E. J. (1984). Memory for the surface structure of Manis, M., Fichman, M., & Platt, M. B. (1978). Cognitive integration and referential communication: Effects of information quality and quantity in message decoding. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22, 417-430.

Maniscalco, C. I., & DeRosa, D. V. (1980, May). Memory scanning of old and young adults. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwest Psychological Association, St. Louis.

Mann, L. (1974). On being a sore loser: How fans react to their team's failures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 26, 37-47.

Manson v. Braithwaite, 432 U.S. 98 (1977).

Margolick, D. (1982, April 9). Right to lawyer before lineups denied by court: Counsel not mandated prior to filing charges. New York Times, p. 15.

Marin, B. V., Holmes, D. L., Guth, M., & Kovac, P. (1979). The potential of children as eyewitnesses: A comparison of children and adults on eyewitness tasks. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 295-305.

Marquis, K. H., Marshall, J., & Oskamp, S. (1972). Testimony validity as a function of question form, atmosphere, and item difficulty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 167-186.

Marshall, J. (1969, February). The evidence: Do we see and hear what is? Or do our senses lie? Psychology Today, pp. 48-52.

Marshall, J. (1979). Law and psychology in conflict(2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Bobbs.

Marshall, J., Marquis, K. H., & Oskamp, S. (1971). Effects of kind of question and atmosphere of interrogation on accuracy and completeness of testimony. Harvard Law Review, 84, 1620-1643.

Marston, W. M. (1924). Studies in testimony. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 15, 5-31.

Mason, Susan E. Age and gender as factors in facial recognition and identification. Experimental Aging Research, 1986 Fal Vol 12(3) 151-154.

Massad, C. M., Hubbard, M., & Newston, D. (1979). Selective perception of events. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15, 513-532.

Masson, M. E. J., & Alexander, J. H. (1981). Inferential processes in sentence encoding and recall. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 399-416.

Mathews, R. C., Erffmeyer, E. S., & Valentine, E. (1982). The use of single and multilevel organization schemes in recall. The Journal of General Psychology, 106, 313-321.

Mathews, R. C., Lee, T. D., & Coursey, B. J. (1981). Why hierarchical retrieval schemes do not facilitate recall: A cue overload explanation. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 35, 347-349.

Matlin, M. W. (1989). Cognition (2d ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Matthews, M. L. (1978). Discrimination of identkit constructions of faces: Evidence for dual processing strategy. Perception and Psychophysics, 23, 153-161.

Maudlin, M. A., & Laughery, K. R. (1981). Composite production effects on subsequent facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 351-357.

Mayseless, O., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1987). What makes you so sure? Effects of epistemic motivations on judgmental confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39, 162-183.

McAllister, H., & Bregman, N. (1986). Effects of victim and bystander testimony on juror decision-making. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

McAllister, Hunter A. Effects of eyewitness evidence on plea bargain decisions by prosecutors and defense attorneys. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1990 Oct Vol 20(18, Pt 2) 1461-1473.

McAllister, Hunter A.; Bregman, Norman J. Juror underutilization of eyewitness nonidentifications: Theoretical and practical implication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986 Feb Vol 71(1) 168-170.

McAllister, Hunter A.; Bregman, Norman J.; Lipscomb, Thomas J. Speed estimates by eyewitnesses and earwitnesses: How vulnerable to postevent information. Journal of General Psychology, 1988 Jan Vol 115(1) 25-35.

McArthur, L. Z. (1982). Judging a book by its cover: A cognitive analysis of the relationship between physical appearance and stereotyping. In A. Hastorf & A. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive Social Psychology. New York: Elsevier.

McArthur, L. Z. (1981). What grabs you? The role of attention in impression formation and causal attribution. In E. T. Higgins, T. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

McCarty, D. G. (1960). Psychology and the law. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

McCarty, D. G. (1929). Psychology for the lawyer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

McCauley, M. R.. & Fisher. R. P. (1992). Enhancing children's eyewitness recollection with the cognilive interview. Paper presented at the American Psychology-Law Society, San Diego.

McCloskev, M. E., Egeth, N. E.. & McKenna. J. (1986). The experimental psychologist in court: The ethics of expert testimony. Law and Human Behavior, IO, 1-l0.

McCloskev M. E., & Egeth. N. E. (1983). A time to speak or a time to keep silence ? American Psvcholo~ist 3(Y 573-575.

McCloskey, M., & Zaragoza, M. (1986). Expert psychological testimony on post-event information: Science or speculation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

McCloskey, M., & Egeth, H. (1983). Eyewitness identification: What can a psychologist tell a jury? American Psychologist, 38, 550-563.

McCloskey, M., & Egeth, H. E. (1983). A time to speak, or a time to keep silent. American Psychologist, 38, 573-575.

McCloskey, M., Egeth, H., & McKenna, J. (1986). The experimental psychologist in court: The ethics of expert testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 1-13.

McCloskey, M., Egeth, H., Webb, E., Washburn, A., & McKenna, J. (1981). Eyewitnesses, jurors and the issue of overbelief. Unpublished manuscript, Johns Hopkins University.

McCloskey M.. & Zaragoza. M. (1985). Postevent information and memorv: Reply to Loftus. Schooler. ;lnd Wae~naar. Journal ot Eperimental Psvchology: Ceneral, 114, 375-3~0.

McCloskey. M., & Zaragoza, M. (1985a). Misleading postevent information and memory for events: Arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psvchology: General, 114, 1-16.

McConkey, Kevin M.; Roche, Suzanne M. Knowledge of eyewitness memore. Australian Psychologist, 1989 Nov Vol 24(3) 377-384.

McDonald, H. C. (1960). The Identi-Kit manual. Santa-Anna, CA: Townsend Company (Identi-Kit Division).

McGarry, Susan. Perspectives on the role of the eyewitness expert. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1990 Fal Vol 8(4) 457-464.

McGehee, F. (1937). The reliability of identification of the human voice. Journal of General Psychology, 17, 249-271.

McGehee, F. (1944). An experimental study of voice recognition. The Journal of General Psychology, 31, 53-65.

McGeoch, J. A. (1928). The influence of sex and age upon the ability to report. American Journal of Psychology, 40, 458-466.

McGuire. W. J. (1985). Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House.

McKelvie, S. J. (1976). The role of eyes and mouth in the memory of a face. American Journal of Psychology, 89, 311-323.

McKelvie, S. J. (1976a). The effects of verbal labeling on recognition memory for schematic faces. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 459-474.

McKelvie, S. J. (1978). Sex differences in facial memory. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

McKelvie, S. J. (1981). Sex differences in memory for faces. The Journal of Psychology, 107, 109-125.

McKelvie, Stuart J. The role of spectacles in facial memory: A replication and extension. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1988 Apr Vol 66(2) 651-658.

McKenna, J. (1986). Court's use of expert psychological testimony on eyewitness performance. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

McKenna, J., Mellott, A., & Webb, E. (1981, April). Juror evaluation of eyewitness testimony. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York.

McKenna, J., Treadway, M., & McCloskey, M. E. (1992). Expert psychological testimony on eyewitness reliability: Selling psychology before its time. In P. Suedfeld & P. E. Tetlock (Eds.), Psychology and Social Policy (pp. 283-293). New York: Hemisphere Publishing McNemar,

McMurray, D. W., & McIntyre, J. S. (1981). Depth of processing: Is there a semantic continuum? Australian Journal of Psychology, 33, 197-213.

McNeil, James E.; Wray, Jack L.; Hibler, Neil S.; Foster, Walter D.; et al. Hypnosis and Identi Kit: A study to determine the effect of using hypnosis in conjunction with the making of Identi Kit composite. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1987 Mar Vol 15(1) 63-67.

Medin, D. L., & Schaffer, M. M. (1978). Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 207-238.

Meerwaldt, J. D.; Van Dongen, H. R. Disturbances of spatial perception in children. Behavioural Brain Research, 1988 Dec Vol 31(2) 131-134.

Mehrabian, A. (1968). Inference of attitudes from the posture, orientation, and distance of a communicator. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 296-305.

Mehrabian. A., & Williams, M. (1969). Nonverbal concomitants of perceived and intended persuasiveness. Journal of Personalitv and Social Psvchology, 13, 37-58.

Melara, R. D.. DeWitt-Richards, T. S.. & O'Brien. T. P. (1989). Enhancing lineup identification accuracy: Two codes are better than one. Journal of Applied Psychology, 7, 706-713.

Melen, Marc. L'effet de l'information nouvelle erronee. / The postevent information effect. Annee Psychologique, 1989 Sep Vol 89(3) 393-410.

Melton, A. W. (1963). Implications of short term memory for a general theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 1-21.

Melton, G. B. (1987). Bringing psychology to the legal system: Opportunities, obstacles, and efficacy. American Psychologist, 42, 488-495.

Melton, G. B. (1981). Children's competency to testify. Law and Human Behavior, 5, 73-85.

Melton, G. B. (1986). An agenda for psychological research. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Memon, A., & Bruce, V. (1983). The effects of encoding strategy and context change on face recognition. Human Learning, 2, 313-326.

Memon, Amina; Bruce, Vicki. Context effects in episodic studies of verbal and facial memory: A review. Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 1985 86 Win Vol 4(4) 349-369.

Mende, Laura; MacKinnon, David P.; Geiselman, R. Edward. Memory for license plates as a function of exposure time. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 1987 Mar Vol 15(1) 68-71.

Mendez, M. A. (1980). Memory, that strange deceiver. (Review of The psychology of eyewitness testimony by A. D. Yarmey). Stanford Law Review, 32, 445-452.

Messick, S., & Damarin F. (1964). Cognitive styles and memory for faces. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 313-318.

Metcalfe, Janet. Composite Holographic Associative Recall Model (CHARM) and blended memories in eyewitness testimony. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 1990 Jun Vol 119(2) 145-160.

Metcalfe, Janet. Representations, predictions, and remembrances in CHARM: A reply to Lindsay (1991. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 1991 Sep Vol 120(3) 313-315.

Metcalfe, Janet; Bjork, Robert A. Composite models never (well, hardly ever) compromise: Reply to Schooler and Tanaka (1991). Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 1991 Jun Vol 120(2) 203-210.

Mever D. E. . & Schvaneveldt. R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90. 227'3~.

Meyer, A. (1982, June). Do lie detectors lie? All too often. Science, pp. 24-27.

Michigan State Bar Special Committee on Standard Criminal Jury Instructions. (1977). Michigan criminal jury instructions I. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute of Continuing Legal Education.

Millar, K., Styles, B. C., & Wastell, D. G. (1980). Time of day and retrieval from long term memory. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 407-414.

Miller, D. G., & Loftus, E. F. (1976). Influencing memory for people and their actions. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 7, 9-11.

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.

Miller, G. R., Bender, D. C., Boster, F., Florence, B. T., Fontes, N., Hocking, J., & Nicholson, H. (1975). The effects of videotaped testimony in jury trials. Brigham Young University Law Review, 331-373.

Miller, G. R. & Burgoon, J. K. (1982). Factors affecting assessments of witness credibility. In N. Kerr & R. Bray (Eds.), The psychology of the courtroom, New York: Academic Press.

Miller, G. R., & Boster, F. J. (1977). Three images of the trial: Their implications for psychological research. In B. D. Sales (Ed.), Psychology in the legal process. New York: Spectrum.

Miller, G. R., & Fontes, N. E. (1979). Videotape on trial: A view from the jury box. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Miller, G. R., Bauchner, J. E., Hocking, J. E., Fontes, N. E., Kaminski, E. P., & Brandt, D. R. (1981). ". . .And nothing but the truth": How well can observers detect deceptive testimony? In B. D. Sales (Ed.), The trial process. New York: Plenum Press.

Miller, Leon K.; Barg, M. D. Dissociation of feature vs. configural properties in the discrimination of faces. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1983 Nov Vol 21(6) 453-455.

Miller, M. (1982, April 29). Liar comes clean, victim freed from prison. Capital Times, pp. 31.

Miller, N.. Maruyama, G.. Beaber, R.. & Valone, K. (1976). Speed of speech and persuasion. Journal of Personalitv and Social Psvchology, 34, 615-624.

Milord, J. T. (1978). Aspects of faces: A (somewhat) phenomenological analysis using multidimensional scaling methods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 205-216.

Mingay, David J. The effect of hypnosis on eyewitness memory: Reconciling forensic claims and research findings. Applied Psychology An International Review, 1987 Apr Vol 36(2) 163-183.

Mira, J. J. Psicologos del testimonio: un peritaje de lujo? (Psychologists of testimony: A deluxe appraisal. Estudios de Psicologia, 1990 No 42 101-113.

Mira, Jose J.; Diges, Margarita. Teorias intuitivas sobre memoria de testigos: un examen de metamemoria. / Intuitive theories on eyewitnesses' memory: A study of metamemory. Revista de Psicologia Social, 1991 Vol 6(1) 47-60.

Model Rules. (1974). Eyewitness Identification. Project on Law Enforcement Policy and Rulemaking, J. A. LaSota (Director), & G. W. Bromley (Deputy Director). Washington, D.C.: Police Foundation.

Moeser, S. D. (1982). Memory integration and memory interference. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 26, 165-188.

Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). Impressions of people created by agerelated qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 547-556.

Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1987). Perceptions of adults with childlike voices in two cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 331-349.

Montgomery, R., Brown, E., & Deffenbacher, K. (1980). Memory for faces: Effects of repetition on item and context memory. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, MO.

Montiero, K. P., & Haviland, J. (1985, August). Emotional mood states and the recall of childhood memories. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

Moore, C. C. (1908). Psychology in the courts. Law Notes, 11, 185-187.

Morgan, C. S. (1917). A study in the psychology of testimony. Journal of American Institutional Criminal Law, 8, 222-232.

Mori, T. (1980). Effects of intention of memorizing, depth of processing, and adequacy of processing upon the retrieval of information from semantic memory. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 50, 303-309.

Morley, D. D. (1987). Subjective message constructs: A theory of persuasion. Communication Monographs, 54, 183-203.

Morris, C. G. (1976). Psychology, an introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Morris, J. H., Sherman, J. D., & Mansfield, E. R. (1986). Failures to detect moderating effects with ordinary least squares-moderated multiple regression: Some reasons and a remedy. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 282-288.

Morris, P. E. (1979). Strategies of learning and recall. In M. M. Gruneberg, & P. E. Morris (Eds.), Applied problems in memory. New York: Academic Press.

Morris, Sherman, & Mansfield. (1986).

Morrison, Michael W. Psychological assessment of eyewitness testimony. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 1988 Vol 6(2) 37-48.

Morton (1979a). Facilitation in word recognition: Experiments causing change in the logogen model. In P. A. Kolers, M. E. Wrolstal, & H. Bouma (Eds.), Processing visible language I. New York: Plenum Press.

Morton (1979b). Word recognition. In J. C. Marshall & J. Morton (Eds.), Psycholinguistics 2: Structures and processes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Morton, J. (1969). Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review, 76, 165-178.

Moskowitz, M. J. (1977). Hugo Munsterberg: A study in the history of applied psychology. American Psychologist, 32, 824-842.

Moston, Stephen. How children interpret and respond to questions: Situational sources of suggestibility in eyewitness interviews. Social Behaviour, 1990 Jul Aug Vol 5(3) 155-167.

Mueller, J. H., Nicodemus, D. R., & Ross, M. J. (1981). Self awareness in facial recognition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 145-147.

Mueller, J. H. (1978). The effects of individual differences in test anxiety and type of orienting task on levels of organization in free recall. Journal of Research in Personality, 12, 100-116.

Mueller, J. H. (1979). Anxiety and encoding processes in memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 288-294.

Mueller, J. H. (1980). Test anxiety and the encoding and retrieval of information. In I. G. Sarason (Ed.), Test anxiety: Theory, research, and applications. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Mueller, J. H. (1981). Self awareness and access to material rated as self descriptive of nondescriptive. Unpublished manuscript, University of Missouri, Columbia.

Mueller, J. H., & Courtois, M. R. (1980). Test anxiety and breadth of encoding experiences in free recall. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 458-466.

Mueller, J. H., & Courtois, M. R. (1980). Retention of self descriptive and nondescriptive words as a function of test anxiety level. Motivation and Emotion, 4, 229-237.

Mueller, J. H., & Wherry, K. L. (1979). Orienting strategies at study and test in facial recognition. American Journal of Psychology, 2-20.

Mueller, J. H., Bailis, K. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1979). Depth of processing and anxiety in facial recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 70, 511-515.

Mueller, J. H., Carlomusto, M., & Goldstein, A. G. (1978). Orienting task and study time in facial recognition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 313-316.

Mueller, J. H., Heesacker, M., & Ross, M. J. (1984). Likability of targets and distractors in facial recognition. American Journal of Psychology, 1-24.

Mueller, J. H., Heesacker, M., & Ross, M. J. (1984). Body-image, consciousness, and self-reference effects in face recognition. British Journal of Social Psychology.

Mueller, J. H., Heesacker, M., Ross, M. J., & Nicodemus, D. R. (1983). Emotionality of encoding activity in face memory. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 198-217.

Mueller, J. H., Nicodemus, D. R., & Ross, M. J. (1981). Self awareness in facial recognition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 145-147.

Muhnsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand: Essays on psychology and crime. Garden City, NY: Clark, Boardman.

Muhnsterberg, H. (1914). Psychology and social sanity. New York: Doubleday, Page.

Munsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand. New York: Doubleday, Page.

Murdock, B. B., Jr. (1974). Human memory: Theory and data. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Murdock B. B., Jr. (1980). Short-term recognition memory. Attention and Performance, ~, 497519.

Murdock B. B.. Jr. (1982). Recognition memory. In C. R. Puff (Ed.), Handbook of research ~nethods in hllman memorv and cognition (pp. l-2~). New York: Academic Press.

Murphy, A. H. (1973). A new vector partition of the probability score. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 12, 595-600.

Murphy, G. L., & Smith, E. E. (1982). Basic level superiority in picture categorization. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 1-20.

Murray, D. M., & Wells, G. L. (1982). Does knowledge that a crime was staged affect eyewitness performance? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 42-53.

Muscio, B. (1915). The influence of the form of a question. British Journal of Psychology, 8, 351-389.

Mutter, S., & Hashtroudi, S. (1982, April). Processing effort in recall and recognition. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, M.D.

My. The door in the wall, II: Theodore, W. Barber. (1978). Human Behavior, 7, 43-46.

Myers, C. G. (1913). A study of incidental memory. Archives of Psychology, 26, 1-108.

Myers, J . L. (1972) . Fundamentals oJ experimental design. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Navon, D. (1981). Do attention and decision follow perception? Comment on Miller. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 7, 1175-1182.

Neil v. Biggers, 409 U .S. 188 (1972) .

Neisser U. (1'~67). Cognitive psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Neisser, U. (1978). Memory: What are the important questions? In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Neisser, U. (1981). John Dean's memory: A case study. Cognition, 9, 1-22.

Neisser, U. (1982). Memorv observed: Remembering in natural contexts. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Neisser, U. (1982). Memory: What are the important questions? In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts. San Francisco: Freeman.

Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Friedrich, M. A. (1982). Extralist cuing and retrieval inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 89-105.

Nelson, T. O., Metzler, J., & Reed, D. A. (1974). Role of details in the long term recognition of pictures and verbal descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 184-186.

Newby, R. W. (1981). Contextual cues in multiple item recognition. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 513-526.

Newman, S. E. (1978, September). Some limits on the generality of the encoding specificity hypothesis. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.

Newman, S. E., & Sidden, J. A. (1979, September). Tests of the encoding specificity and semantic integration hypothesis. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

Newman, S. E., Olsen, M. A., Hall, A. D., & Hornak, R. (1981, April). Effects of encoding and retrieval contexts on recall. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York.

Newtson, D. (1973). Attribution and the unit of perception of ongoing behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 28-38.

Newtson, D., & Engquist, G. (1976). The perceptual organization of ongoing behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 847-862.

Newtson, D., Engquist, G., & Bois, J. (1977). The objective basis of behavior units. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 847-862.

Nickerson, R. S. (1965). Short term memory for complex meaningful visual configurations: A demonstration of capacity. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 155-160.

Nigro, G. N., Buckley, M. A., Hill, D. E., & Nelson, J. (1989). When juries ~hear" children testifv: The effects of eyewitness age and speech style on jurors' perceptions of testimony. In S. J. C~ci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. Nisbett, Nisbett R. E.. & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Noble, K. B. (1981, October 11). The law. The New York Times, pp. 17-18.

Noon, Elizabeth; Hollin, Clive R. Lay knowledge of eyewitness behaviour: A British survey. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1987 Apr Jun Vol 1(2) 143-153.

Norman, D. A., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1975). Explorations in cognition. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Norman, D. A. (1976). Memory and attention: An introduction to human information processing(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

Norman, D. A. (1979). Perception, memory, and mental processes. In L. G. Nilsson (Ed.), Perspectives on memory research: Essays in honor of Uppsala University's 500th anniversary. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

North, Carol S.; Smith, Elizabeth M.; McCool, Robert E.; Shea, James M. Short term psychopathology in eyewitnesses to mass murder. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1989 Dec Vol 40(12) 1293-1295.

Nosworthy, G. J., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1990). Does nominal lineup size matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 358-361.

Nowicki, S., Jr., Winograd, E., & Millard, B. A. (1979). Memory for faces: A social learning approach. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 460-468.

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

O'Barr, W. M., & Conley, J. M. (1976). When a juror watches a lawyer. Barrister, 3, 8-11; 33.

O'Barr, W. M. (1982). Linguistic evidence: Language, power, and strategy in the courtroom. New York: Academic Press.

O'Brien, E. J., & Wolford, C. R. (1982). Effect of delay in testing on retention of plausible versus bizarre mental images. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 148-152.

O'Callaghan, Gemma; D'Arcy, Heather. Use of props in questioning preschool witnesses. Australian Journal of Psychology, 1989 Aug Vol 41(2) 187-195.

O'Rourke, T. E., Penrod. S. D., Cutler, B. L., & Stuve, T. E. (1989). The external validity of eyewitness identification research: Generalizing across subject populations. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 385-395.

Ober, Beth A.; Stillman, Richard C. Memory in chronic alcoholics: Effects of inconsistent versus consistent information. Addictive Behaviors, 1988 Vol 13(1) 11-15.

of eyewitness identification? Wells, G. L.. Ferguson. T. J., & Lindsay. R. C. L. (1981). The tractability of eyewitness conlidence and its implications ior triers of fact. Journal of Applied Psvchology, 66, 6886.

of stereotyping of blacks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 590-598.

Okamoto, Shin'ichiro; Sugahara, Yasuji. Effects of postevent information on eyewitness testimony. Japanese Psychological Research, 1986 Vol 28(4) 196-201.

Orne, M. T. (1979). The use and misuse of hypnosis in court. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 311-341.

Ornstein, R. (1970). On the experience of time. New York: Penguin.

Owens, A. C., & Richardson, J. T. E. (1979). Mental imagery and pictorial memory. British Journal of Psychology, 70, 497-505.

Ozer, D. J. (1985). Correlation and the coefficient of determination. Psychologvical Bulletin, 97, 307-315.

Pachella, R. G. (1981). The truth and nothing but the truth. (Review of Eyewitness testimony by E. F. Loftus and The psychology of eyewitness testimony by A. D. Yarmey). Contemporary Psychology, 26, 85-87.

Padawer-Singer, A. M., & Barton, A. H. (1975). The impact of pretrial publicity on jurors' verdicts. In R. J. Simon (Ed.), The jury system in America: A critical overview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Paine, P. A. (1980). Eidetic imagery and recall accuracy in preschool children. The Journal of Psychology, 105, 253-258.

Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal process. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Palmer, S. E. (1975). The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects. Memory and Cognition, 3, 519-526.

Pannell, W. K., Hosch, H. M., & Sands, S. (1992). Self-monitoring and event related potentials as predictors of facial recognition. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Parker, J. F., Haverfield, E., & Baker-Thomas, S. (1986). Eyewitness testimony of children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 287-302.

Parker, J. F., & Caranza. L. E. (1989). Eyewitness testimony of children in target-present and target-absent lineups. Law und Human Behavior, 13, 133-149.

Parker. J. F., & Ryan. V. (1990, March). An attempt to reduce guessing behavior in children's and adults' eyewitness identifications. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society in Williamsburg.

Parkin, A. J., & Goodwin, E. (1983). The influence of different processing strategies on the recognition of transformed and untransformed faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 37, 272-277.

Parks, D. C., Puglisi, J. T., & Sovacool, M. (1984). Picture memory in older adults: Effects of contextual detail at encoding and retrieval. Journal of Gerontology, 2, 213-215.

Patterson, K. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1977). When face recognition fails. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 406-407.

Patterson, K. E. (1978). Person recognition: More than a pretty face. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Pearlman, S. (1977, August). The Sawyer brothers. Good Housekeeping, pp. 82-88.

Penfield, W. (1969). Consciousness, memory, and man's conditioned reflexes.In K. Pribram (Ed.), On the biology of learning. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.

Penfield, W., & Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and brain mechanisms. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1986). Evidence evaluation in complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 242-258.

Penrod, S. (1980). Confidence, accuracy, and the eyewitness. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin.

Penrod, S. (1984, October). Conducting experimental research with real trials. Society for Experimental Social Psychology, Salt Lake City, UT.

Penrod, S. (1987, April). Personal communication.

Penrod, S. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1987). Assessing the competency of juries. In I. Weiner & A. Hess (Eds.), The Handbook of Forensic Psychology. New York: Wiley.

Penrod, S., Loftus, E. F., Winkler, J. D. (1982). Eyewitness reliability. In R. Bray, & N. Kerr (Eds.), The psychology of the courtroom. New York: Academic Press.

Penry, J. (1971). Looking at faces and remembering them: A guide to facial identification. London: Elek Books.

People v. Brnja, 70 A.D.2d 17, 419 N.Y.S.2d 591 (1979), affd, 50 N.Y.2d 366, 406 N.E.2d 1066, 429 N.Y.S.2d 173 (1980).

People v. Johnson, 38 Cal. App. 3d 1, 112 Cal. Rptr. 834 (1974).

People v. McDonald, 37 Cal.3d 351, 208 Cal. Rptr. 236 (1984).

People v. Russell, 69 Cal.2d 187, 443 P.2d 794, 70 Cal. Rptr. 210, cert. denied, 393 U.S. 864 (1968).

Peris. J. L.. & Tiberghien. G. (1984). Effet de contexte et recherche conditionelle dans la reconnaissance de visages non familiers. C~lhiers (le Psychologie Cognitive, ~1, 323-334.

perspectives (pp. 41-55). Chichester, England: Wiley.

Peters, D. (1985). A naturalistic study of earwitness memory: Does the addition of lineup influence accuracy and/or confidence? Paper presented at the annual meel Eastern Psychological Association.

Peters, D. P. (1987). The impact of naturally occurring stress on children's memory. In S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, &.D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 122-141). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Peters, K. (1972). Fehlerquellen im Strafproze,B: Vol. 2. Eine Untersuchung der Wiederaufnahmeverfahren in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Karlsruhe: C. F. Muller.

Peterson, J. (1925). Early conceptions and tests of intelligence.

Peterson, M. A. (1976). Witnesses: Memory of social events. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Goldman, R. (1981). Personal involvement as a determinant of argument based persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4l, 847-855.

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vo1. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press.

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). The effects of issue involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 69-81.

Pezdek, K. (1977). Cross modality semantic integration of sentence and picture memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 515-524.

Pezdek, K. (1980). Life span differences in semantic integration of pictures and sentences in memory. Child Development, 51, 720-729.

Pezdek, K., & Chen, H. C. (1982). Developmental differences in the role of detail in picture recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 207-215.

Pfeifer, J . E. (1990). Reviewing the empirical evidence on jury racism: Findings of discrimination or discriminatory findings? Nebraska Law Review, 69, 230-250.

Phillips, R. J. (1978). Recognition, recall and imagery of faces. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Phillips, R. J. (1977). Identification parades. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 30, 415.

Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York: W. W. Norton.

Pietromonaco, P. R., Zajonc, R. B., & Bargh, J. A. (1981). The role of motor cues in recognition for faces. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

Piggott

Pigott, M. A., Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1990). A field study on the relationship between quality of eyewitnesses' descriptions and identification accuracy. Journal of Police Science and Administration, I7, 84-88.

Pigott, Melissa; Brigham, John C. Relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1985 Aug Vol 70(3) 547-555.

Pittenger, J. B., Shaw, R. E., & Mark, L. S. (1979). Perceptual information for the age level of faces as a higher order invariant of growth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 5, 478-493.

Platz, S. J.. & Hosch, H. M. (1988). Cross-racial/ethnic identification: A field study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 972-974.

Podlesny, J. A., & Raskin, D. C. (1977). Physiological measures and the detection of deception. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 782-799.

Polans, A. R. (1981). The effects of R-S classification and stress on eyewitness behavior. Unpublished manuscript, Brooklyn College.

Pollack, I., Pickett, J. M., & Sumby, W. H. (1954). On the identification of speakers by voice. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 26, 403-406.

Poole, Debra A.; White, Lawrence T. Effects of question repetition on the eyewitness testimony of children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 1991 Nov Vol 27(6) 975-986.

Porier, J. (1986). Toward assessment of victim-offender testimony in child sexual abuse cases. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Porter, K. A. (1977, June). The never ending wrong. Atlantic Monthly, pp. 38-64.

Posner, M. I.. & Snyder, C. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. So Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium. Hillsdale, N.J.

Postman, L. J., Bruner, J. S., & McGinnies, E. (1948). Personal values as selective factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, 142-154.

Potter, M. C., & Levy, E. L. (1969). Recognition memory for a rapid sequence of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 10-15.

Potter, M. C. (1976). Short term conceptual memory of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 509-522.

Powers, P. A., Andriks, J. L., & Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness accounts of females and males. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 339-347.

Prentice, W. C. H. (1954). Visual recognition of verbally labelled figures. American Journal of Psychology, 67, 315-320.

Psvchological Review, ~ '31 -~5'~ .

Psychology & Criminal Justice. New York: Harper & Row.

Putnam, B. Hypnosis and distortions in eyewitness memory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, in press.

Putnam, W. H. (1979). Hypnosis and distortions in eyewitness memory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 27, 437-448.

Pylyshyn, A. W. (1973). What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 1-24.

R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Rabinowitz, Martin J. The child as an eyewitness: An overview. Social Action and the Law, 1985 Vol 11(1) 5-10.

Rahaim, George L.; Brodsky, Stanley L. Empirical evidence versus common sense: Juror and lawyer knowledge of eyewitness accuracy. Law and Psychology Review, 1982 Spr Vol 7 1-15.

Raimo, Angela M. Psychological challenges to eyewitness testimony. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 1987 Vol 5(1) 23-36.

Rand Corporation (1975). The criminal investigative process. Vols. 1-3. Rand Corporation Technical Report R-1777-DOJ. Santa Monica, CA.

Raskin, D. (1986). Assessing the credibility of children's allegations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Raskin, D. C., Barland, G. H., & Podlesny, J. A. (1978). Validity and reliability of detection of deception. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government 19780-0267-969, U.S. Department of Justice.

Raskin, D. C., & Yuille, J. C. (1989). Problems in evaluating interviews of children in sexual abuse cases. In S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp . 184-207) . New York: Springer-Verlag.

Rathborn, H. A., Bull, R. H., Clifford, B. R. (1981). Voice recognition over the telephone. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 280-284.

Ratner, H. H., & Noreen, B. (1984, Aug.). Adult's event recall: Putting Memory in Context. Poster presented at the annual meetings of the APA, Toronto, Ontario.

Rattner A. (1988). Convicted but innocent: Wrongful conviction and the criminal justice system. Law and Human Behavior, 12. ~83-293.

Raye, C. L., Johnson, M. K., & Taylor, T. H. (1980). Is there something special about memory for internally-generated information? Memory and Cognition, 8, 141-148.

Read, J . D . (1992) . The availability heuristic in eyewitness memory: The misleading consequences of enhanced contextual information. In preparation.

Read, J. D., & Peterson, R. H. (1975). Individual differences in the ease of imagining the faces of others. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 347-349.

Read, J. D. (1979). Rehearsal and recognition of human faces. American Journal of Psychology, 92, 71-85.

Read, J. D. (1990, July). Effects of familiarity and incidental rehearsal on eyewitness memory for natural interactions. Paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Psychology, Kyoti, Japan.

Read, J. D. (1991, May). Knowing who's new: From deja to jamais vu. Paper presented at the Banff Annual Seminar in Cognitive Science. Banff, Alberta, Canada.

Read, J. D. (1994). Understanding bystander misidentifications: The role of familiarity and contextual k'nowledge. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 56-79). New York: Cambridge University Read, Read, Read, J. Don; Tollestrup, Patricia; Hammersley, Richard; McFadzen, Eileen; et al. The unconscious transference effect: Are innocent bystanders ever misidentified. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1990 Jan Feb Vol 4(1) 3-31.

Read, J. Don; Hammersley, Richard; Cross Calvert, Susan; McFadzen, Eileen. Rehearsal of faces and details in action event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1989 Oct Dec Vol 3(4) 295-311.

Redmount, R. S. (1959). The psychological basis of evidence pratices: Memory. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 50, 249-264.

Regina v. Audy, 1977, 34 C.C.C. 2d 231 Ont. C.A.

Reicher, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 275-280.

Reid, J. E., & Inbau, F. E. (1966). Truth and deception: The polygraph ("lie detector") technique. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Reiser, M. (1974). Hypnosis as an aide in homicide investigation. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 17, 84-87.

Report of the Task Force on the role of psychology in the criminal justice system. American Psychologist, 33, 1099-1113 (1978).

Reynolds, Robert I.; Takooshian, Harold. Where were you August 8, 1983. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1988 Jan Vol 26(1) 23-25.

Riccio, D. C., Richardson, R., & Ebner, D. L. (1984). Memory retrieval deficits based upon altered contextual cues: A paradox. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 152-165.

Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-S43.

Riley, D. A. (1962). Memory for form. In L. Postman (Ed.), Psychology for the making. New York: Alfred Knopf.

Ritchey, G. H., & Beal, C. R. (1980). Image detail and recall: Evidence for within-item elaboration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 66-76.

Ritchey, G. H. (1980). Picture superiority in free recall: The effects of organization and elaboration. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 29, 460-474.

Ritchey, G. H. (1982). Pictorial detail and recall in adults and children. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 8, 139-141.

Roberts, Michael D. Eyewitness identification and the local psychologist. American-Psychologist, 1984 Sep Vol 39(9) 1064.

Roberts, W. A. (1972). Free recall of word lists varying in length and rate of presentation: A test of the total time hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 92, 365-372.

Robinson, J., & McArthur, L. Z. (1982). Impact of salient vocal qualities on causal attributions for a speaker's behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 236-247.

Rodgers, J. E. (1982, June). The malleable memory of eyewitnesses. Science, pp. 32-35.

Rosch, E. (1973). On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories. In T. E. Moore (Ed.), Cognitive development and the acquisition of language. New York: Academic Press.

Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structures of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573-605.

Rosenthal, R. (1966). Experimenter effects in behavioral research. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.

Rosenthal, R. (1967). Covert communication in the psychological experiment. Pr~chological Bulletin, 67, 356-367.

Rosenthal, R. (1978). Combining results of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 185-193.

Rosenthal R. (1984). Meta--analytic procedures for social research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1978). Interpersonal expectancy effects: The first 345 studies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 377-386.

Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectations and the pupil's intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.

Ross, B. H., & Anderson, J. R. (1981). A test of parallel versus serial processing applied to memory retrieval. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 24, 183-223.

Ross, B. H. (1981). The more, the better?: Number of decisions as a determinant of memorability. Memory and Cognition, 9, 23-33.

Ross, D. F., Toglia, M. P., Hopkins, S., Hanson. E., & Devenport, J. (1992). Lineup identification and mistaken identity: Evidence for a memory blending approach to unconscious {r.;nsference. Paper presented at the 1992 meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, San

Ross, D. F., Ceci, S. J., Dunning, D., & Toglia, M. P. (1991). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup . Paper presented at the American Psychological Society, Washington, D . C ., June.

Ross, D. F., Dunning, D., Toglia. M. P., & Ceci, S. J. (1990). The child in the eyes of the jury: Assessing mock jurors' perceptions of the child witness. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 523.

Ross, F.; J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), (1994). Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortion in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 10). New York: Academic Press.

Rouke, F. L. (1957). Psychological research on problems of testimony. Journal of Social Issues, 13, 50-59.

Rowe, E. J., & Rogers, T. B. (1975). Effects of concurrent auditory shadowing on free recall and recognition of pictures and words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 415-422.

Rubin, D. C. (1982). On the retention function for autobiographical memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 21-38.

Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1976). The representation of knowledge in memory. In R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Ryan, Rosaleen H.; Geiselman, R. Edward. Effects of biased information on the relationship between eyewitness confidence and accuracy. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1991 Jan Vol 29(1) 7-9.

Saks, M. J . . & Hastie. R. (1978) . Social psvchology in court. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Saks, M. J. (1986). The law does not live by eyewitness testimony alone. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 279-280.

Sales, B. D. (1977).

Psychology in the legal process. New York: Spectrum.

Sales, B. D. (1981). The trial process. New York: Plenum Press.

Sales, B. D., Elwork, A., & Alfini, J. J. (1978). Improving comprehension for jury instructions. In B. D. Sales (Ed.), Perspectives in law and psychology. New York: Plenum.

Salzberg, H. C. (1977). The hypnotic interview in crime detection. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 19, 255-258.

Sanders, G. L. (1984). The Effects of Context Cues on Eyewitness Identification Responses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 386-397.

Sanders, G. L., & Simmons, W. L. (1983). Use of hypnosis to enhance eyewitness accuracy: Does it work? Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 70-77.

Sanders, G. S. (1986). On increasing the usefulness of eyewitness research. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 333-335.

Sanders, G. S., & Warnick, D. H. (1980). Some conditions maximizing eyewitness accuracy: A learning memory model. Journal of Criminal Justice, 8, 395-403.

Sanders, G. S., & Warnick, D. H. (1980). Truth and consequences: The effect of responsibility on eyewitness behavior. Unpublished manuscript, State University of New York, Albany.

Sanders, Glenn S.; Chiu, Warren. Eyewitness errors in the free recall of actions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1988 Nov Vol 18(14) 1241-1259.

Sanders, Glenn S.; Gansler, David A.; Reisman, Stephen. The effects of hypnosis on eyewitness testimony and reactions to cross examination. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 1989 Vol 7(1) 33-60.

Sanford, R. N. (1937). The effects of abstinence from food upon imaginal processes: A further experiment. Journal of Psychology, 3, 145-159.

Santa, J. L., & Baker, L. (1975). Linguistic influences on visual memory. Memory and Cognition, 3, 445-450.

Santa, J. L., & Ranken, H. B. (1972). Effects of verbal coding on recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 93, 268-278.

Sarason, I. G., & Stoops, R. (1978). Test anxiety and the passage of time. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 102-108.

Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978). Assessing the impact of life change: The development of the life experiences survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 932-946.

Saslove, H., & Yarmey, A. D. (1980). Long term auditory memory: Speaker identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 111-116.

Saufley, W. H., Otaka, S. R., & Bavaresco, J. L. (1985). Context effects: Classroom tests and context independence. Memory and cognition, 13, 522-528.

Saunders, D. M., & Vidmar, N. (1981, April). Discredited eyewitness testimony and mock jury deliberations. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit.

Scapinello, K. F., & Yarmey, D. A. (1970). The role of familiarity and orientation in immediate and delayed recognition of pictorial stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 21, 329-330.

Schacter, D. L. (1983). Feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 39-54.

Schaffer, W. O., & Schiffrin, R. M. (1972). Rehearsal and storage of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 92, 292-296.

Schaie, K. W., & Gribbin, K. (1975). Adult development and aging. Annual Review of Psychology, 26, 65-96.

Schemper, T., Voss, S., & Cain, W. S. (1981). Odor identification in young and elderly persons: Sensory and cognitive limitations. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 446-452.

Scherer, K. R. (1974). Voice quality analysis of American and German speakers. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 3, 281-298.

Schiffman, H. R., & Bobko, D. J. (1974). Effects of stimulus complexity of the perception of brief temporal intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 156-159.

Schill, T. R. (1966). Effects of approval motivation and varying conditions of verbal reinforcement on incidental memory for faces. Psychological Reports, 19, 55-60.

Schneider, M. W., & Gorfein, D. (1981). Memory loss with aging: Insignificant in functioning adults. Unpublished manuscript.

Schneider, R. R. (1981). Fourteenth Amendment - The last gasp of due process requirements on eyewitness identifications: The admissibility of identification evidence may be determined in the jury's presence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72, 1410-1425.

Schnurr, P., & Morris, W. N. (1982). When consistency fails: Limiting reconstructive errors in memory. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, M.D., April.

Schonfield, D., & Stones, M. J. (1979). Remembering and aging. In J. F. Kihlstrom, & F. J. Evans (Eds.), Functional disorders of memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schooler, J. W., & Engstler-Schooler, T. Y. (1990). Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: Some things are better left unsaid. Cognitive Psychology, 22, 36-71.

Schooler, Jonathan W.; Tanaka, James W. Composites, compromises, and CHARM: What is the evidence for blend memory representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 1991 Mar Vol 120(1) 96-100.

Schooler. J. W., Gerhard. D.. & Loftus, E. F. (1986). Qualities of the unreal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 171-181.

Schulz, Thomas. he psychology of eyewitness testimony: What an inattentive observer can tell. Sprache and Kognition, 1991 Vol 10(2) 97-108.

Schum, D. A. (1981). Sorting out the effects of witness sensitivity and response-criterion placement upon the inferential value of testimonial evidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 27, 153-196.

Schwartz, Addys R.; Schwanenflugel, Paula J. Eyewitness testimony of children and the school psychologist. School Psychology Review, 1989 Vol 18(2) 235-246.

Scott, B. (1977, August). The role of attentional processes in eyewitness behavior. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association.

Scott, W. C. (1976, September). Role of arousal in eyewitnessing. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.

Scott, W. C., & Foutch, V. (1974). The effects of presentation order and ethnicity on facial recognition. Paper presented at the meeting of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, Duran.

Scrivner, Ellen; Safer, Martin A. Eyewitnesses show hypermnesia for details about a violent event. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1988 Aug Vol 73(3) 371-377.

Sealy, A. P. (1979). The contribution of psychology to legal processes: An analysis of jury studies. In D. P. Farrington, K. Hawkins, S. M. Lloyd-Bostock (Eds.), Psychology, law and legal processes. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.

Seamon, J. G. (1980). Memory and cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Seamon, J. G., Stolz, J. A., Bass, D. H., & Chatinover, A. I. (1978). Recognition of facial features in immediate memory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 231-234.

Sears, D. O. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 515-530.

Secord, P. (1958). Facial features and inference processes in interpersonal perception. In R. Taguiri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person Perception and Interpersonal Behavior. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Secord, P. F., Bevan, W., Jr., & Dukes, W. F. (1953). Occupational and physiognomic stereotypes in the perception of photographs. The Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 261-270.

Seeleman, V. (1940). The influence of attitude upon the remembering of pictorial material. Archives of Psychology, No. 258.

Sehulster, J. R. (1981a). Phenomenological correlates of a self theory of memory. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 527-537.

Sehulster, J. R. (1981b). Structure and pragmatics of a self theory of memory. Memory and Cognition, 9, 263-276.

Seidel, S., & Kimble. C. E. (1990, June). Speed and loudness of vocal responses indicate confidence. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, Dallas. T8.

Sello, E. (1911). Die Irrtumer der Strafiustiz und ihre Ursachen (Vol. 1). Berlin: R. v. Decker~s Verlag.

Seltzer, Richard; Lopes, Grace M.; Venuti, Mark. Juror ability to recognize the limitations of eyewitness identifications. Forensic Reports, 1990 Apr Jun Vol 3(2) 121-137.

Semin, G. R., & Greenslade, L. (1985). Differential Contributions of linguistic factors to memory based ratings: Systematizing the systematic distortion hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1713-1723.

Semmel-Albin, R. (1981, March 17). How the recollections of witnesses often go awry. The New York Times: Science Times, pp. C2.

sentences: Remembering with and without Manis, M., & Platt, M. B. (1979). Order effects in the integration of verbal descriptions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 57-60.

Sergent, J.. & Bindra D. (1981). Differential hemispheric processing of faces: Methodological considerations and reinterpretation. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 541-554.

seriousness as a determinant of accuracy Leippe, M. R., Wells, G. L., & Ostrom, T. M. (1978). Crime seriousness as a determinant of accuracy in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 345-351.

Serlin, R. C. (in press). Hypothesis testing, theory building, and the philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology.

Serpell, R., & Deregowski, J. B. (1980). The skill of pictorial perception: An interpretation of cross-cultural evidence. International Journal of Psychology, 15, 145-180.

Severance, L. J., & Loftus, E. F. (1981/1982). Improving the ability of jurors to comprehend and apply criminal jury instructions. Law and Society Review, 17, 153-197.

Shapiro, P. N., & Penrod, S. D. (1986). Meta-analysis of facial identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, I 00, 139- 156.

Sharp, G. L., Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (in press). Performance feedback improves the resolution of confidence judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.

Shaughnessy, J. J. (1979). Confidence-judgement accuracy as a predictor of test performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 505-514.

Shaul, R. D. (1978). Hypnotic hypermnesia, cognitive strategy, and eyewitness testimony. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University.

Shepard, J. W., Davies, G. M., and Ellis, H. D. (1980). Identification after delay. Final Report to the Home Office Research Unit, London, England.

Shepard, R. N. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 156-163.

Shepard, R. N., Kilpatrick, D. W., & Cunningham, J. P. (1975). The internal representation of numbers. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 82-138.

Shepherd, J. W., & Davies. G. M. (1980). The deterioration of verbal descriptions of facesoverdifferentdelayintervals.J-7urnalofPoliceScienceandAdministration, ~, 101-106.

Shepherd, J. W. (1986). An interactive computer system for retrieving faces. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves. F. Newcombe, & A. Young (Eds.), Aspects of Face Processing. Dordrecht: Nijhoff.

Shepherd, J. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1973). The effect of attractiveness on recognition memory for faces. American Journal of Psychology, 86, 627-633.

Shepherd, J. W., & Deregowski, J. B. (1981). Races and faces--a comparison of the responses of Africans and Europeans to faces of the same and different races. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 125-133.

Shepherd, J. W., Davies, G. M., & Ellis, H. D. (1978). How best shall a face be described? In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Shepherd, J. W., Deregowski, J. B., & Ellis, H. D. (1974). A cross-cultural study of recognition memory for faces. International Journal of Psychology, 9, 205-211.

Shepherd, J. W., Ellis, H. D., & Davies, G. M. (1982). Identification Evidence. Great Britain: Aberdeen University Press.

Shepherd, J. W., Shepherd, J., & MacLeod, M. D. (1990). Interim report on the development of a database of coded whole-body descriptions obtained during observation of targets. S.R.D.B. of the Home Office SC/86 7121/4.

Shepherd. E. (1991). Ethical interviewing. Policing, 7, 42-60.

Shepherd. J. W., Davies, G. M., & Ellis. H. D. (1980). Identification after delay. Unpublished manuscript, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.

Shepherd. J. W., Davies, G. M., & Ellis, H. D. (1981). Studies of cue saliency. In G. M. Davies, H. D. Ellis. & J. W. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp. 105-131). London: Academic Press.

Sherer. K. R., London, H., & Wolf, J. J. (1973). The voice of confidence: Paralinguistic cues and audience evaluation. Journal of Research in Personalitv, 7, 31-44.

Shlechter, T., Herrmann, D., Stronach, P., Rubenfelt, L., & Zenker, S. (1982, March). Meta-memory questionnaires: A comprehensive investigation of their validity. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York.

Shoemaker, D. J., South, D. R.. & Lowe, J. (1973). Facial stereotypes of deviants and judgments of guilt or innocence. Social Forces, 51, 427-433.

Siegel, J. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1978). Impact of anxiety and life stress upon eyewitness testimony. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 479-480.

Siipola, E. M. (1935). A group study of some effects of preparatory set. Psychological Monographs, 46, 27-38.

Simon, R. I. (1973, August). Cognitive processes in the recognition of courtroom evidence by jurors. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal.

Singletary v. United States, 383 A.2d 1064 (D.C. 1978).

Sitton, S. C., & Griffin, S. (1980). The sleeper effect in reconstructive memory. The Journal of General Psychology, 103, 21-25.

Slack, A. T. (1982). Facial recognition in eyewitness testimony. Unpublished manuscript, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Slesinger, D., & Pilpel, E. M. (1929). Legal psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 26, 677-692.

Slovic, P. (1969). Analyzing the expert judge: A descriptive study of a stockbroker's decision processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53, 255-263.

Smith, A. D., & Winograd, E. (1978). Age differences in remembering face. Developmental Psychology, 14, 443-444.

Smith, B. M. (1967). The polygraph. Scientific American, 216, 25-30.

Smith, E. E., and Nielsen, G. D. (1981). Representations and retrieval processes in short term memory: Recognition and recall of faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7. 181-190.

Smith, J. E., Pleban, R. J., & Shaffer, D. R. (1982). Effects of interrogator bias and a police trait questionnaire on the accuracy of eyewitness identification. The Journal of Social Psychology, 116, 19-26.

Smith, S. M. (1979). Remembering in and out of context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 460-471.

Smith, S. M., & Vela, E. (1992). Environmental context-dependent eyewitness recognition. A pplied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 125- 139.

Smith, S. M., & Shaffer. D. R. (1991). Celerity and cajolery: Rapid speech may promote or inhibit persuasion through its impact on message elaboration. Personality and Social Psvchology Bulletin, 17. 663-669.

Smith, S. M., Glenberg, A. M., & Bjork, R.. A. (1978). Environmental context and human memory. Memory and Cognition, 6, 342-353.

Smith, Vicki L.; Ellsworth, Phoebe C. The social psychology of eyewitness accuracy: Misleading questions and communicator expertise. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1987 May Vol 72(2) 294-300.

Smith, Vicki L.; Kassin, Saul M.; Ellsworth, Phoebe C. Eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Within versus between subjects correlations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989 Apr Vol 74(2) 356-359.

Smith. M. (1983) Hypnotic memory enhancement of witnesses: Does it work? Psychological Bulletin, 94. 387-407.

Snee, T. S., & Lush, D. E. (1941). Interaction of narrative and interrogatory methods of obtaining testimony. Journal of Psychology, 11, 229-236.

Snyder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 12 (pp. 85-128). New York: Academic Press.

Snyder, M., & Uranowitz, S. W. (1978). Reconstructing the past: Some cognitive consequences of person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 941-950.

Snyder. M. (1987). Public appearanceslPrivate realities. New York: W. H. Freeman.

Sobel, N. R. (1972). Eyewitness identification: Legal and practical problems. New York: Clark Boardman.

Sobel, N. R. (1980). Exclusionary sanctions under Wade-Gilbert-Stovall. In N. R. Sobel, Supplement to eyewitness identification. New York: Clark Boardman.

Sobel, N. R., & Pridgen, M. D. (1981). Eyewitness identification: Legal and practical problems. (1981 supplement). New York: Clark Bordman.

Sommer, R. (1959). The new look on the witness stand. Canadian Psychologist, 8, 94-99.

Sommer, Volker. Infanticide among free ranging langurs ( Presbytis entellus ) at Jodhpur (Rajasthan/India): Recent observations and a reconsideration of hypothese. Primates, 1987 Apr Vol 28(2) 163-197.

Sorce, J. F. (1979). The role of physiognomy in the development of racial awareness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 134, 33-41.

Sorce, J. F., & Campos, J. J. (1974). The role of expression in the recognition of a face. American Journal of Psychology, 87, 71-82.

Spanos, N. P., & D'Eon, J. L. (1980). Hypnotic amnesia, disorganized recall, and inattention. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 744-750.

Spanos, Nicholas P.; Gwynn, Maxwell I.; Terrade, Kevin. Effects on mock jurors of experts favorable and unfavorable toward hypnotically elicited eyewitness testimony. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989 Dec Vol 74(6) 922-926.

Spence, D. P. (1964). Conscious and preconscious influences on recall: Another example of the restricting effects of awareness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 92-99.

Spence, D. P., & Ehrenberg, B. (1964) . Effects of oral deprivation on response to subliminal and supraliminal verbal food stimuli. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 10-18.

Spence, D. P., & Holland, B. (1962). The restricting effects of awareness: A paradox and an explanation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 163-174.

Sperling, G. (1960). The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs, 74, 1-29.

Sporer, S. L. (1982). A brief history of the psychology of testimony. Current Psychological Reviews, ', 323-339.

Sporer, S. L. (1983). Allegemeinwissen zur psychologie der zeugenaussage. In H. J. Kerner, H. Kury, & K Sessar (Eds.), Deutsche Forschungen zur Kriminalitatsentstehung und Kriminalitatskontrolle (pp. 1191-1245). Koln: Heymanns.

Sporer, S. L. (1985). Line-up procedures in the Federal Republic of Germany: An exploratory archival analysis. In F. L. Denmark (Ed.), Social/ecological psychology and the psychology of women (pp. 69-90). Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishers.

Sporer, S. L. (1987). Verbal and visual processes in person identification. In H. Wegener, F. Losel, & J. Haisch (Eds.), Criminal behavior and the justice system: Psychological perspectives. New York/Heidelberg: Springer.

Sporer, S. L. (1988). Long-term improvement of facial recognition through visuai rehearsal. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. ~. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 1~2- 188) . London: Wiley.

Sporer, S. L. (1990, March). Dissecting a witness's choice. Decision times as predictors of eyewitness identification decisions in simultaneous and sequential lineups. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Williamsburg, VA.

Sporer, S. L. (1992). Person descriptions in an archival analysis of criminal cases. Paper presented at the Biennial meeting of the American Psychology and Law Society, San Diego.

Sporer, S. L. (1992). Eyewitness identification accuracy, conlidence and decision-times in simultaneous ~nd sequential lineups. Journal of Applied Psvchology. in press.

Sporer, S. L. (1994). Decision times and evewitness identification accuracy in simultaneous and sequential lineups (pp. 300-327).

Sporer, S. L. (in press). Describing others: Psychological issues. In S. L. Sporer. R. S. Malpass, & G. Kohnken (Eds.), Psychological issues in eyewitness identification. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Sporer, S. L. (in prep.). Quick but accurate? Response latency as an indicator of accuracy in face recognitiotl judgments. Unpublished manuscript, University of Marburg~ Germany.

Sporer. S. L. (1989). Psychologische Aspekte der Personenbeschreibung. In G. Kohnkan & S. L. Sporer (Eds. ), Zeugenidentifizierllngen: Psychologisches Wissen, Probleme und Perspektiven. Gottingen: Hogrefe.

Sporer. S. L. (1992). Post-dicting eyewitness accuracy: Confidence, decision-times and person ~iescriptions of choosers and non-choosers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 157I ~0.

Sporer. S. L. (1992). Das Wiedererkennen ù~on Gesichtern. Weinheim: Psychologie Verlags Union .

Sporer. S. L.. Eickelkamp A., & Spitmann-Rex. D. (1990). Gegenuberstellungen vs. Lichtbildvorlagen. In D. Meurer & S. L. Sporer (Eds.), Zum Beweiswert von Personenidenti~-ierungen: Neuere empirische Befilnde (pp. 48-105). Marburg: Elwert.

St. John, R. C. (1981). Lateral asymmetry in face perception. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 35, 213-223.

Stafford, C. F. (1962). The child as a witness. Washington Law Review, 37, 303-324.

Stalnaker, J. M., & Riddle, E. E. (1932). The effect of hypnosis on long-delayed recall. Journal of General Psychology, 6, 429-440.

Standing, L. (1975). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207-222.

Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. (1970). Perception and memory for pictures: Single trial learning. Psychonomic Science, 19, 73-74.

Starkman, D. (1979). The use of eyewitness identification evidence in criminal trials. Criminal Law Quarterly, 21, 361-386.

State v. Ammons, 208 Neb. 812, 305 N.W.2d 812 (1981).

State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz. 281, 660 P.2d 1208 (1983).

Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16 (4), 413-424.

Stein, E. (Ed.). (1978). New frontiers in litigation: Twenty-ninth annual Advocacy Institute course handbook. Ann Arbor: Institute of Continuing Legal Education.

Stein, J. A. (1981). Review of eyewitness testimony. Trial Diplomacy Journal, 4, 61-63.

Stellar, M., & Kohnken. G. (1990). Statement analysis: Credibility assessment of children's testimonies in sexual abuse cases. In D. C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods for crimincll investigation and evidence. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Stephen, W. G., & Brigham, J. C. (1985). Intergroup contact: Introduction. Journal of Social lssues, 41, 1-8.

Stephenson, G. M. (1990). Should collaborative testimony be permitted in courts of law? Criminal Law Review, 302-314.

Stephenson. G. M., Clark, N. K., & Wade, G. S. (1986). Meetings make evidence? An experimental study of collaborative and individual recall of a simulated police interrogation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1113-1122.

Stern, L. B.. & Dunning, D. (in press). Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate eyewitness identifications: A reality monitoring approach. In D. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.) Adult eyewitness lestimony: Current trends and developments. I~ew York: Cambridge

Stern, L. D. (1981). Time of encoding as a retrieval cue in recognition memory. American Journal of Psychology, 94, 99-112.

Stern, L. W. (1910). Abstracts of lectures in the psychology of testimony and on the study of individuality. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 270-282.

Stern, L. W. (1939). The psychology of testimony. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 34, 3-20.

Sternberg. S . (1969) . Memory-scanning: Mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments. American Scientist, 57, 421-457.

Stolldorf, D. E., Redding, G. M., & Manelis, L. M. (1982). Mechanisms for precuing superiority in visual recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 58-67.

Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 87 S. Ct. 1967, 8 L. Ed. 2d 1199 (1967).

Strauss, E., & Moscovitch, M. (1981). Perception of facial expressions. Brain and Language, 13, 308-332.

Strnad, B. N., & Mueller, J. H. (1977). Levels of processing in facial recognition memory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 9, 17-18.

Stump, A. (1975, October 4-10). That's him - the guy who hit me. TV Guide.

Sue, S. Smith, R. E. & Pedroza, G. (1975). Authoritarianism, pretrial publicity and awareness of bias in simulated jurors. Psychological Reports, 37, 1299-1302.

Sue, S., Smith, R. E. & Gilbert, R. (1974). Biasing effect of pre-trial publicity on judicial decisions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 2, 163-171.

Sulin, R. A., & Dooling, D. J. (1974). Intrusion of a thematic guide in retention of prose. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 103, 255-262.

Sullivan, W. (1981, March 17). Hopes for improving memory grow, but its precise nature is still debated. The New York Times: Science Times, pp. C1.

Survey of prosecutors. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1989 Jan Vol 27(1) 71-74.

Sussman, E. D., & Sugarman, R. C. (1972). The effect of certain distractions on identification by witnesses. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.

Sussman, E. D., Sugarman, R. C., & Zavala, A. (1972). A comparison of three media used in identification procedures. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati, (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Sutherland, E. H., & Cressey, D. R. (1966). Principles of criminology. New York: Lippincott.

Swann, W. B., Jr. (1984). Quest for accuracy in person perception: A matter of pragmatics. Psychological Review, 91, 457-477.

Swann, W. B., Jr., & Miller, L. C. (1982). Why never forgetting a face matters: Visual imagery and social memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 475-480.

Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1961). Decision processes in perception. Psychological Review, 68, 301-340.

Tanford, S., & Penrod, S. (1982). Biases in trials involving defendants charged with multiple offenses. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 453-480.

Tanford, S., Penrod, S., & Collins, R. (1985). Decisionmaking in joined criminal trials: The influence of charge similarity, evidence similarity, and limiting instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 319-337.

Tanford, S. and Penrod, S. (1984). Social inference processes in juror judgments of multiple-offense trials. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 749-765.

Tapp, J. L. (1976). Psychology and the law: An overture. Annual Review of Psychology, 359-404.

Taylor, J. P. (1980). Recent developments in the law of evidence. Vancouver: Butterworths.

Taylor, J. P. (1980). Eyewitness testimony: Possible legal response to the lessons from psychology on the fallibility of eyewitness identification. In J. P. Taylor (Ed.), Recent developments in the law of evidence. Vancouver: Butterworths.

Taylor, M., & Flavell, J. H. (1984). Seeing and believing: Children's understanding of the distinction between appearence and reality. Child Development, 55, 1710-1720.

Tedeschi, J. T., & Lindskold, S. (1976). Social psychology. New York: Wiley.

Tesser, A. (1978)~Self-generated attitude change. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimenIal social psvchology, Vo1. 11. ~ew York: Academic Press.

Tetlock, P. E., & Kim, J. L. (1987). Accountability and judgment processes in a personality prediction task. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 700-709.

Tetreault, Patricia A. Rape myth acceptance: A case for providing educational expert testimony in rape jury trials. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1989 Spr Vol 7(2) 243-257.

The cognitive interview: A new exploration technique (not only) for Kohnken, Gunter; Brockmann, Claudia. nsic eyewitness psychology. Zeitschrift fur Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 1988 Dec Vol 9(4) 257-265.

Theios, J. (1973). Reaction time measurements in the study of memory processes. In G. H. Bower (Ed.~ The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 7, pp. 43-85). New York: Academic Press.

Theios, J. (1975). The components of response latency in simple human information processing tasks. Attention and Performance, 5, 418-440.

Thomas, D. R., & DeCapito, A. L. (1966). Role of stimulus labeling in stimulus generalization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 913-915.

Thomas, D. R., Caronite, A. D., LaMonica, G. L., & Hoving, K. L. (1968). Mediated generalization via stimulus labeling: A replication and extension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 531-533.

Thomassin, Lyne; Alain, Michel. Performance of witnesses when giving evidence and making eyewitness identification. Canadian Police College Journal, 1990 Vol 14(4) 233-246.

Thompson, C. P. (1985). Voice identification: Speaker identifiability and a correction of the record regarding sex effects. Human Learning, 14, 19-27.

Thompson, D. M. (1988). Context and false recognition. In G. M. Davies & D. M.

Thompson, W. C. (1986, March). Mathematical evidence in criminal trials: Improving the probability of justice. Paper presented at the midyear meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Thompson, W. C., & Schumann, E. L. (1985, August). Fallacious interpretations of statistical evidence in criminal trials. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

Thomson, D. M. (1981). Person identification: Influencing the outcome. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 14, 49-54.

Thomson, D. M., Robertson, S. L., & Vogt, R. (1982). Person recognition: The effect of context. Human Learning, 1, 137-154.

Thorson, G., & Hochhaus, L. (1977). The trained observer: Effects of prior information on eyewitness reports. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 10, 454-456.

Tiberghien, G. (1986). Context effects in recognition memory of faces: Some theoretical problems. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe, & A. Young (Eds.), Aspects of face processing (pp. 88-104). NATO ISI Series, Series D: Behavioural and Social Sciences-No. 28,

Tickner, A. H., & Poulton, E. C. (1975). Watching for people and actions. Ergonomics, 18, 35-51.

Timm, H. W. (1981). The effect of forensic hypnosis techniques on eyewitness recall and recognition. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 188-194.

Todd, J. T. (1981). Visual information about moving objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 795-810.

Toglia, M. P., Ross, D. F., & Ceci, S. J. (in press). The suggestibility of children's memory: A cognitive and social-psychological interpretation. In M. L. Howe, C. J. Brainerd, & V. F. Reyna (Eds.), The development of long-term retention. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Tomkins, S. S. (1981). The role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 355-357.

Tooley, V., Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). Facial recognition: Weapon effect and attentional focus. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 845-859.

Trankell, A. (1972). Reliability of evidence. Stockholm, Sweden: Beckman.

Treadway, Molly; McCloskey, Michael. Effects of racial stereotypes on eyewitness performance: Implications of the real and the rumoured Allport and Postman studies. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 1989 Jan Mar Vol 3(1) 53-63.

Treadway, Molly; McCloskey, Michael. Cite unseen: Distortions of the Allport and Postman rumor study in the eyewitness testimony literature. Law and Human Behavior, 1987 Mar Vol 11(1) 19-25.

Treisman, A. (1979). The psychological reality of levels of processing. In L. S. Cermak, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: L.E.A..

Treisman, A. (1982). Perceptual grouping and attention in visual search for features and for objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 8, 194-214.

Treisman, M. (1980). Review of Decision processes in visual perception, by D. Vickers. Perception, 9, 607-609.

Triesman, A. M. (1964). Verbal cues, language, and meaning in selective attention. American Journal of Psychology, 77, 206-218.

Tuite, Patrick A.; Braun, Bennett G.; Frischholz, Edward J. Hypnosis and eyewitness testimony. Psychiatric Annals, 1986 Feb Vol 16(2) 91-95.

Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving and W. Donaldson (Eds.),Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Tulving, E. (1974). Cue-dependent forgetting. Scientific American, 62, 74-82.

Tulving, E. (1979). Relations between encoding specificty and levels of processing. In L. S. Cermak and F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tulving, E. (1981). Similarity relations in recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 20. ~79-496.

Tulving, E. (1982). Synergistic ecphory in recall and recognition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 36, 130-147.

Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tulving, E., & Gold, C. (1963). Stimulus information and contextual information as determinants of tachistoscopic recognition of words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 319-327.

Tulving, E., & Hastie, R. (1972). Inhibition effects of intralist repetition in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 92, 297-304.

Tulving, E., & Thomson. D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.

Tulving, E., Mandler, G., & Baumal, R. (1964). Interaction of two sources of information in tachistoscopic word recognition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 18, 62-71.

Tulving~ E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385-398.

Turtle, J. W. (1988, June). Does eyewitness-identification behavior provide cues to improve judgments of identification accuracy:~ Paper presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute in Maratea, Italy.

Turtle, J. W., & Yuille, J. C. (1989). Can repeatedly remarking on an event lead to a "remarkable'' eyewitness memory? Paper presented at the Canadian Psychological Association, Halifax, June.

Turtle. J. W., & Wells, G. L. (1989). Children versus adults as eyewitnesses: Whose testimony holds up under cross-examination'? In Gruneberg et al. (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. London: Wiley.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1977). Causal schemata in judgments under uncertainty. In M. Fishbein (Ed.), Progress in social psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tversky, B., & Tuchin, M. (1989). A reconciliation of the evidence on eyewitness testimony: Comments on McCloskey and Zaragoza (1985). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral, 118, 86-91.

Tyler, S. W., Hertel, P. T., McCallum, M. C., & Ellis, H. C. (1979). Cognitive effort and learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 607-617.

Undeutsch, U. (1982). In A. Trankell (Ed.), Reconstructing the past: Tfle role of psychologists in criminal trials (pp. 27-56). Stockholm: Nostedt & Soners.

United States v. Amaral, 488 F.2d 1148 (9th Cir. 1973).

United States v. Ash, 413 U.S. 300 (1973).

United States v. Brown, 540 F.2d 1048 (10th Cir. 1976).

United States v. Fosher, 590 F.2d 381 (1st Cir. 1979).

United States v. Nobles, 422, U.S. 225 (1975).

United States v. Telfaire, 469 F.2d 552 (D.C. Cir. 1972).

United States v. Wade, 388 U. S. 218 (1967).

Using memory ot peripheral details can be misleading. Journal of Applied Psyc~lology, 66, h~ 87.

Van Buren, A., Gronikowski, L. A., Schermerhorn, B. A., & Epstein, M. L. (1981). Recall and recognition as a function of spread of semantic processing. The Journal of General Psychology, 104, 257-263.

Van Matre, J. G., and Clark, W. N. (1976). The statistician as expert witness. The American Statistician, 30, 2-5.

Van Santen, J. P. H., & Jonides, J. A. (1978). A replication of the face superiority effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 12, 378-380.

Vandierendonck, Andre. Het schema begrip in de hedendaagse geheugentheorie. / The schema concept in current theories of memory. Psychologica Belgica, 1986 Vol 26(2) 161-183.

Varendonck, J. (1911). Les temoignages d'enfants dans un proces retentissant. Archives de Psychologie, 11, 129-171.

Verbal reports on mental processes. Nisbett, R. E., & Borgida, E. (1975). Attribution and the psychology of prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 932-943.

Verhaltenskorrelate von Tauschung und Wahrheit: Neue Perspektiven in der Glaubwurdigkeitsdiagnostik. (Behavioral correlates of deception and truth: New perspectives assessment of credibility. Psychologische Rundschau, 1986 Oct Vol 37(4) 177-194.

Verinis, J., & Walker, V. (1970). Policeman and the recall of criminal details. Journal of Social Psychology, 81, 217-221.

Vermeidung: Konnen Augenzeugen durch Visualisierung gegen den Einflu~ von irrefuhrenden Rekonstruktionsbildern immunisiert werden? In S. L. Sporer & D. Meurer (Eds.), Die Beeinfiu,~barkeit von Zeugenaussagen. Marburg, Germany: N. G. Elwert.

Vickery, K., & Brooks, L. M. (1938). Time paced reporting of a "crime" witnessed by college girls. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 29, 371-382.

Vidmar, N. (1978, May). Effects of adversary versus non-adversary investigative procedures on testimonial evidence. Paper presented at the meeting of the Law and Society Association, Minneapolis.

Vidmar, N., & Laird. ~. M. (1983). Adversary social roles: Their effects on witnesses' communication of evidence and the assessments of adjudicators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 888-898.

violence: Testing the lower limits Duncan, F. H., & Laughery, K. R. (1977). The Minolta montage synthesizer as a facial image generating device. University of Houston Mug File Project, Report No. UHMUG-4.

Visher, C. A. (1987). Juror decision making: The importance of evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 1-17.

Voiers, W. D. (1964). Perceptual bases of speaker identity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 36, 1065-1073.

Vokey, J. R., & Read, J. D. (1992) Familiarity, memorability and the effect of typicality on the recognition of faces. Memory & Cognition, 20, 291-302.

Vokey, J. R., & Read, J. D. (1988). Typicality, familiarity and the recognition of male and female faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 42, 489-495.

Wagstaff, G. F. (1982). Hypnosis and recognition of a face. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 816-818.

Waid, W. M., Orne, E. C., Cook, M. R., & Orne, M. T. (1981, April 3). Meprobamate reduces accuracy of physiological detection of deception. Science, pp. 71-72.

Walker-Smith, G. J., Gale, A. J., & Findlay, J. M. (1977). Eye movement strategies involved in face perception. Perception, 6, 313-326.

Walker-Smith, G. J. (1978). The effects of delay and exposure duration in a face recognition task. Perception and Psychophysics, 24, 63-70.

Walker-Smith, G. J. (1980). Memorizing facial identity, expression and orientation. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 415-424.

Wall, P. M. (1965). Eyewitness identification in criminal cases. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Walsh, J. F. An approach to dyadic communication in historical social movements: Dyadic communication in Maoist insurgent mobilization. Communication Monographs, 1986 Mar Vol 53(1) 1-15.

Walsh, W. D., Russell, D. G., & Imanaka, K. (1980). Memory for movement: Interaction of location and distance cues and imagery ability. Acta Psychologica, 44, 117-130.

Walster, E. (1966). Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 73-79.

Walters, C. M. (1985). Admission of expert testimony on eyewitness identification. California Law Review, 73, 1402-1430.

Wapner. S.. & Demick. J. (1991). Field dependence-independence: Bio-psycho-social factors across the life span. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Ward, C. P. (1984). Sensation and perception. Academic Press, Inc.

Warnick, D. H. (1981, May). Procedural effects on facial composite performance. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Detroit.

Warnick, D. H. (1983). Volunteers: Selective attrition in eyewitness testimony. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Society Annual Meeting, Chicago.

Warnick, D. H., & Sanders, G. S. (1980a, April). False identifications and the line up setting. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association.

Warnick, D. H., & Sanders, G. S. (1980). The effects of group discussion on eyewitness accuracy, Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 10, 249-259.

Warnick, D. H., & Sanders, G. S. (1980b). Why do eyewitnesses make so many mistakes? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10, 362-366.

Warren, R. M. (1981). Perceptual transformations in vision and hearing. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 14, 123-132.

Warrington, E. K., & Ackroyd, C. (1975). The effect of orienting tasks on recognition memory. Memory and Cognition, 3, 140-142.

Warrington E. K.. & James, M. (1967). An experimental investigation of facial recognition with unilateral cerebral lesions. Cortex, 3, 317-3'6.

Watkins, M. J. (1974). When is recall spectacularly higher than recognition? Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 161-163.

Watkins, M. J. (1990). Mediationism and the obfuscation of memory. American Psychologist, 45, 328-335.

Watkins, M. J., & Graefe, T. M. (1981). Delayed rehearsal of pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 276-278.

Watkins, M. J., Ho, E., & Tulving, E. (1976). Context effects in recognition memory for faces. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15, 505-517.

Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177.

Watson, R. I. (1978). The great psychologists (4th ed.). New York: Lippincott.

Waugh, N. C. (1963). Immediate memory as a function of repetition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 107-112.

Waugh, N. C. (1967). Presentation time and free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73, 39-44.

Waugh, N. C., & Norman, D. A. (1965). Primary memory. Psychological Review, 72, 89-104.

Weaver, G. E., & Stanny, C. J. (1978). Short term retention of pictorial stimuli as assessed by a probe recognition technique. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 55-65.

Weinberg, H. I., & Baron, R. S. (1980, May). The discredible eyewitness. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, St. Louis.

Weinberg, H. I., Wadsworth, J., & Baron, R. S. (1983). Deman and the impact of leading questions on eyewitness testimony. Memory and Cognition, 11, 101-104.

Weingardt, K. R., Toland, H. K., & Loftus, E. F. (this volume). Reports of suggested memories: Do people truly believe them'? In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 3-26). New York: Cambridge

Weingartner, Miller, & Murphy (1977). Mood-state-dependent retrieval of verbal associations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 276-284.

Weinstein, J. (1981). Review of eyewitness testimony. Columbia Law Review, 81, 441-457.

Weld, H. P. (1954). Legal psychology: The psychology of testimony. In F. L. Marcuse (Ed.), Areas of psychology. New York: Harper.

Wells, G. (1988). Eyewitness identification: A system handbook. Toronto: Carswell Legal Publications.

Wells, G., & Loftus, E. F.(Eds.). (1984). Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. London: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546-1557.

Wells, G. L. (1980). Eyewitness behavior: The Alberta conference. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 237-239.

Wells, G. L. (1982). Attribution and reconstructive memory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 447-463.

Wells, G. L. (1984). How adequate is human intuition for judging eyewitness testimony? In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L. (1984). The psychology of lineup identifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 89-103.

Wells, G. L. (1984). A reanalysis of the expert testimony issue. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives (pp. 304-314). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L. (1985). Verbal descriptions of faces from memory: Are they diagnostic of identification accuracy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 619-626.

Wells, G. L. (1986). Expert psychological testimony: Empirical and conceptual analyses of effects. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 83-95.

Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553-571.

Wells, G. L., & Luus, C. A. E. (1990). Police lineups as experiments: Social methodology as a framework for properly conducted lineups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 106-117.

Wells, G. L., & Turtle J. W. (1986). Eyewitness identification: The importance of lineup models. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 320-329.

Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1980). On estimating the diagnosticity of eyewitness nonidentifications. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 776-786.

Wells, G. L., & Murray, D. M. (1984). Eyewitness confidence. In G. L. Wells, & E. F. Loftus, (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1985). Methodological notes on the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identifications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 413-419.

Wells, G. L., & Leippe, M. R. (1981). How do triers of fact infer the accuracy of eyewitness identifications? Using memory for peripheral detail can be misleading. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 682-687.

Wells, G. L., & Hryciw, B. (1984). Memory for faces: Encoding and retrieval operations. Memory and Cognition, 12, 338-344.

Wells, G. L., & Harvey, J. H. (1978). Naive attributors' attributions and predictions. What is informative and when is an effect and effect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 483-490.

Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1983). How do people infer the accuracy of eyewitness memory? Studies of performance and a metamemory analysis. In S. Lloyd-Bostock and B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence. Chichester. England: John Wiley and Sons.

Wells, G. L. & Hryciw. B. (1984). Memory for faces: Encoding and retrieving operations. Me!nory & Cognition, 1~, 338-~4.

Wells, G. L., & Loftus, E. F. (1983). Eyewitness research: Then and now. In G. L. Wells & E. F. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. London: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1982). How do people infer the accuracy of eyewitness memory? Studies of performance and a metamemory analysis. In S. M. Lloyd-Bostock, & B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Eyewitness identification. New York: Wiley.

Wells, G. L., & Murray, D. M. (1983). What can psychology say about the Neil vs. Biggers criteria for judging eyewitness accuracy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 347-362.

Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1980). On estimating the diagnosticity of eyewitness nonidentifications. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 776-786.

Wells, G. L., Ferguson, T. J., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1981). The tractability of eyewitness confid~ce and its implications for triers of fact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 688696.

Wells, G. L., Leippe, M. R., & Ostrom, T. M. (1979). Guidelines for empirically assessing the fairness of a lineup. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 285-293.

Wells, G. L., Leippe, M. R., & Ostrom, T. M. (1979). Guidelines for empirically assessing the fairness of a lineup. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 285-293.

Wells, G. L., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Tousignant, J. P. (1980). Effects of expert psychological advice on human performance in judging the validity of eyewitness testimony. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 275-285.

Wells, G. L., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Ferguson, T. J. (1979). Accuracy, confidence, and juror perceptions in eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 440-448.

Wells, G. L., Seelau, E. P., Rydell, S. M., & Luus, C. A. (this volume). Recommendations for properly conducted lineup identification tasks. In Ross, D. F., Read, J. D., & Toglia, M. P. (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 223-244). New Wells, G. Wells, G. L., & Murray, D. M. (1984). Eyewitness confidence. In G. L. Wells, & E. F. Loftus, (Eds.), Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.

References

Wells, Gary L.; Luus, C. Elizabeth. The diagnosticity of a lineup should not be confused with the diagnostic value of nonlineup evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1990 Oct Vol 75(5) 511-516.

Wells, Gary L.; Turtle, John W. Eyewitness testimony research: Current knowledge and emergent controversies. Special Issue: Forensic psychology. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 1987 Oct Vol 19(4) 363-388.

Wells, Gary L.; Ferguson, Tamara J.; Lindsay, R. C. The tractability of eyewitness confidence and its implications for triers of fact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1981 Dec Vol 66(6) 688-696.

Wells, J. E. (1972). Encoding and memory for verbal and pictorial stimuli. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 24, 242-252.

Wells, W. P., & Cutler, B. L. (1990). The right to counsel at videotaped lineups. Connecticut Law Review. 22. 373-39S.

Wells. G. L., & Turtle, J. W. (1988). What is the best way to encode faces? In M. Gruneberg, P. Morris, & R. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues. ~ew York: Wiley.

West, R. (1985). Memory fitness over 40. Gainesville, FL: Trial Press.

Whipple, G. M. (1909). The observer as reporter: A survey of the psychology of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 6, 153- 170.

Whipple, G. M. (1910). Recent literature on the psychology of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 7, 365-368.

Whipple, G. M. (1911). The psychology of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 8, 307-309.

Whipple, G. M. (1918). The obtaining of information: Psychology of observation and report. Psychological Bulletin, 15, 217-248.

Whipple, G. M. (1909). The observer as reporter: A survey of the "psychology of testimony". Psychological Bulletin, 6, 153-170.

White, R. W., Fox, G. F., & Harris, W. W. (1940). Hypnotic hypermnesia for recently learned material. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 35, 88-103.

Whitely, P. L., & McGeich, J. A. (1927). The effect of one form of report on another. American Journal of Psychology, 38, 280-284.

Whitley, Bernard E. The effects of discredited eyewitness testimony: A meta analysis. Journal of Social Psychology, 1987 Apr Vol 127(2) 209-214.

Whitley~ B. E.. Jr., & Greenberg, M. S. (1986). The role of eyewitness confidence in juror perceptions of credibility. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 387-409.

Whitten, W., & Leonard; J. (1981). Directed search through autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 9, 566-~79.

Whitten, W. B., & Leonard, J. M. (1981). Directed search through autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, 9, 566-579.

Wigmore, J. H. (1933). Evidence--corroboration by witness' identification of an accused on arrest. Illinois Law Review, 25, 550-552.

Wigmore, J. H. (1937). The science of judicial proof. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.

Wigmore, J. H. (1909). Professor Muhnsterberg and the psychology of evidence. Illinois Law Review, 3, 399-445.

Williams, G. (1955). The proof of guilt: a study of ~he English criminal trial. London: Stevens and Sons.

Williams, K. D.. Loftus, E. F., & Deffenbacher. K. A. (1992). Eyewitness evidence and testimony. In D. K. Kagehiro ~ W. S. Laufer (Eds.), ~andbook of Psychology and Law (pp. 1~1-1~6). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Williams, L., & Greenwald, M. (1975). When witnesses think too much. Social Action and the Law, 2, 5-6.

Winer, B. J. (1971). Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. (2d ed.) New York: McGrawHill.

Winograd, E. (1968). List differentiation. recall, and category simllarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, 510-515.

Winograd, E. (1976). Recognition memory for faces following nine different judgments. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 8, 419-421.

Winograd, E. (1978). Encoding operations which facilitate memory for faces across the life span. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. New York: Academic Press.

Winograd, E. (1981). Elaboration and distinctiveness in memory for faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 7, 181-190.

Winograd, E., & Rivers-Bulkeley, N. T. (1977). Effects of changing context on remembering faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 397-405.

Winograd, E., Smith, A. D., Simon, E. W. (1982). Aging and the picture superiority effect in recall. Journal of Gerontology, 37, 70-75.

Winterdyk, John. Canadian police officers and eyewitness evidence: A time for reform. Canadian Police College Journal, 1988 Vol 12(3) 175-191.

Wiseman, S., & Neisser, V. (1974). Perceptual organization as a determinant of visual recognition memory. American Journal of Psychology, 87, 675-681.

Wispe, L. G. (1954). Physiological need, verbal frequency, and word association. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 229-234.

Wist, R. E. (1976). Dark adaptation and the Hermann grid illusion. Perception and Psychophysics, 20, 10-12.

Witkin, H. A., Dyk, R. B., Faterson, H. F., Goodenough, D. R., & Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation. New York: Wiley.

Witryol, S., & Kaess, W. (1957). Sex differences in social memory tasks. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 343-346.

Witt, K. S. (1980). Arousal, sex of witness, and memory for a filmed crime. Unpublished honors thesis, Harvard College.

Wixon, D. R., & Laird, J. D. (1981). Effects of mimicry on the judgment of facial expressions in others. Unpublished manuscript, Clark University.

Wolfgang, M. E. (1974). The social scientist in court. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 65, 239-247.

Wolford, G., & Morrison, F. (1980). Processing of unattended visual information. Memory and Cognition, 8, 521-527.

Wolfskiel, M. P., & Brigham, J. C. (1985). The relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition. Unpublished manuscript, Florida State University.

Wollen, K. A., & Cox, S. D. (1981a). Sentence cuing and the effectiveness of bizarre imagery. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 386-392.

Wollen, K. A., & Cox, S. D. (1981b). The bizarreness effect in a multitrial intentional learning task. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 296-298.

Woocher, F. D. (1977). Did your eyes deceive you? Expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness identification. Stanford Law Review, 29, 969-1030.

Woocher, F. D. (1986). Legal principles governing expert testimony by experimental psychologists. Law and Human Behavior, 10, 47-61.

Woocher, F. D. (1977). Did your eyes deceive you? Expert psychological testimony on the unreliability of eyewitness identification. Stanford Law Review, 29, 969-1030.

Wood, W. (1982). Retrieval of attitude relevant information from memory: Effects on susceptibility to persuasion and on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 798-810.

Woodhead, M. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (1981). Individual differences and memory for faces, pictures, and words. Memory and Cognition, 9, 368-370.

Woodhead, M. M., Baddeley, A. D., & Simmonds, D. C. (1979). On training people to recognize faces. Ergonomics, 22, 333-343.

Woodward, A. E., Bjork, R. A., & Jongeward, R. H., Jr. (1973). Recall and recognition as a function of primary rehearsal. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 608-617.

Wrightsman, L. D. (1979, September). The psychologist as expert witness. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

Wu, C., & Shaffer, D. R. (1987). Susceptibility to persuasive appeals as a function of source credibility and prior experience with the attitude object. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 677-688.

Yarmey, A. D. (1971). Recognition memory for familiar "public" faces: Effects of orientation and decay. Psychonomic Science, 24, 286-288.

Yarmey, A. D. (1973). I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: Further evidence in the tip of the tongue phenomenon. Memory and Cognition, 1, 287-290.

Yarmey, A. D. (1974). Proactive interference in short term retention of human faces. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 28, 333-338.

Yarmey, A. D. (1975, May). Social-emotional factors in recall and recognition of human faces. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.

Yarmey, A. D. (1979). The psychology of eyewitness testimony. New York: Free Press.

Yarmey, A. D. (1979c). Through the looking glass: Sex differences in memory for self facial poses. Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 450-459.

Yarmey, A. D. (1980, June). The elderly as eyewitnesses. Paper presented at the conference on "The psychology of eyewitness testimony", Edmonton, Alberta.

Yarmey, A. D. (1982). Eyewitness identification and stereotypes of criminals. In A. Trankell (Ed.), Reconstructing the past: The role of psychologists in criminal trials (pp. 205-225). Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

Yarmey, A. D. (1984). Age as a factor in eyewitness memory. In G. L. Wells & E. L. Loftus (Eds.), Eyewitness testimonY: Psycholo(~ical perspectives (pp. 142-154). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Yarmey, A. D. (1986). Ethical responsibilities governing the statements experimental psychologists make in expert testimony. Law and Human Behavior, IO, 101-116.

Yarmey, A. D. (1986a). Verbal, visual, and voice identification of a rape suspect under different levels of illumination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 363-370.

Yarmey, A. D. (1990). Understanding police and police work: Psychosocial issues. New York: New York University Press.

Yarmey, A. D. (1991). Descriptions of distinctive and nondistinctive voices over time. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 31, 421-428.

Yarmey, A. D. (1991c). Voice identification over the telephone. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1868-1876.

Yarmey, A. D. (199lb). Retrospective perceptions of police following victimization. Canadian Police College Journal, 15, 137-143.

Yarmey, A. D., & Matthys, E. (1992). Voice identification of an abductor. Applied Cognitive Psvcholo~y, 6, 367-377.

Yarmey, A. D., & Jones, H. P. T. (1983). Is the psychology of eyewitness identification a matter of common sense? In S. Lloyd-Bostock and B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons.

Yarmey, A. D., & Jones, H. P. T. (1983). Accuracy of memory of male and female eyewitnesses to criminal assault and rape. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 89-92.

Yarmey, A. D., Jones, H. P. T., & Rashid, S. (1983). Eyewitness memory of elderly and young adults. In D. J. Miller, D. E. Blackman, & A. J. Chapman (Eds.), Topics in psychology and law. Chichester, England: Wiley.

Yarmey, A. Daniel. Victims and witnesses to deadly force. Canadian Police College Journal, 1988 Vol 12(2) 99-109.

Yarmey, A. Daniel. Competence et credibilite des agents de police comme temoins oculaires. / Perceived expertness and credibility of police officers as eyewitnessed. Canadian Police College Journal, 1986 Vol 10(1) 36-58.

Yarmey, A. Daniel; Kent, Judy. Eyewitness identification by elderly and young adults. Law and Human Behavior, 1980 Vol 4(4) 359-371.

Yarmey, D. A. (1979). The effects of attractiveness, feature saliency and liking on memory for faces. In M. Cook & G. Wilson (Eds.), Love and attraction. New York: Pergamon Press.

Yerkes, R. M. . & Dodson. J . D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habitformation. Journal of Cc)mparative an~l Neurolo~ical Psvcl1olos~y. l~, 45'~-4~2.

Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141-145.

Young, A. W., Hay, D. C.. & Ellis, H. D. (1985). The faces that launched a thousand slips: Everyday difficulties and errors in recognizing people. British Journal of Psychology, 76, 495-523.

Young, A. W., & Ellis, H. D. (1989). (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Face Processing. North Holland: Elsevier.

Yount, M. B., & Laughery, K. R. (1982). Facial memory: Constructing familiar and unfamiliar faces. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 19, 80-82.

Yuille, J., & King, M. A. (1986). Interviewing child witnesses. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Yuille, J. C. (1986). Meaningful research in the police context. In Yuille, J. C. (Ed.), Police selection and training: The role of psychology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Nijhoff.

Yuille, J. C. & McEwan, N. H. (1985). Use of hvpnosis as an aid to eyewitness memory. Journal of A pplied Psvchology, 70, 389-400.

Yuille, J. C., & Wells. G. L. (1991). Concerns about the application of research findings: The issue of ecological validity. In J. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children's recollections: Implications for eyewitness testimony (pp. 118-128). Washington, D. C.:

Yuille, J. C., & Cutshall, J. L. (1986). A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2), 291-301.

Yuille, J. C., & Tollestrup. P. A. (in press). A model of the diverse effects of emotion on eyewitness memory. In S. A. Christianson (Ed.), The handbook of emotion and memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Yuille, J. C., & Kim, C. K. (1987). A field study of the forensic use of hypnosis. Canadian Journal of Beh(lvioral Science, 19, 418-419.

Yuille, J. C., & Cutshall, J. L. (1989). Analysis of the statements of victims, witnesses and suspects. In J. C. Yuille (Ed.), Credibility Assessment (pp. 175-191). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.

Yuille, J. C. (1980). A critical examination of the psychological and practical implications of eyewitness research. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 335-345.

Yuille, John C.; Tollestrup, Patricia A. Some effects of alcohol on eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1990 Jun Vol 75(3) 268-273.16(1) 106-117.

Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Sanft, H. (1982). Automatic encoding of event frequency: Further findings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8, 106-116.

Zadny, J., & Gerard, H. B. (1974). Attributed intentions and information selectivity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 34-52.

Zanni, G. R., & Offermann, J. T. (1978). Eyewitness testimony: An Exploration of question wording upon recall as a function of neuroticism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 46, 163-166.

Zaragosaa, M. S., & Lane, S. (1991). The role of attentional resources in suggestibility and source monitoring. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Francisc~, CA.

Zaragoza, M., & Jamis, M. (1986). Misleading suggestions and children's eyewitness testimony. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, Tucson, AZ.

Zaragoza, M. S. (1991). Preschool children's susceptibility to memory impairment. In l. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children's memory (with special reference to the child witness). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Zaragoza, M. S., & Muench, J. (1989, November). Source confusion following exposure to misleading postevent information. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Atlanta, GA.Brigham, J. C., & Pfeifer, J. E. (1992). Evaluating the fairness of lineups. In D. Zaragoza, M. S., Dahlgren, D., & Muench. J. (in press). The role of memory Zaragoza, M. S. (1987). Memory, suggestibility, and eyewitness testimony in children and adults. In S. J. Ceci, M. P. Toglia, & D. F. Ross (Eds.), Children's eyewitness memory (pp. 7991). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Zaragoza, M. S., & Lane, S. (1992). Misinformation and memory impairment: Evidence from a modified free recall test. Manuscript in preparation.

Zaragoza, M. S., & Koshmider, J. W., III. (1989). Misled subjects may know more than their performance implies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 246-255.

Zavala, A. (1972a). Identifying suspects on the basis of their utterances. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.

Zavala, A. (1972b). Literature review. In A. Zavala,, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.

Zavala, A., & Paley, J. J. (1972). Conclusion. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.

Zavala, A., & Zavala, R. T. (1972). The dimensions of facial features. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Zavala, A., Paley, J. J., & Gallati, R. R. J. (Eds.). (1972). Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Zavala, R. T. (1972). Determination of facial features used in identification. In A. Zavala, J. J. Paley, & R. R. J. Gallati (Eds.), Personal appearance identification. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Zimbardo, P. G. (1967). The psychology of police confessions. Psychology Today, 82, 17-20; 25-27.

Zimbardo. P. G., & Leippe, M. R. (1991). The psvchology of attitude and social influence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Zimmerman, Broder, Shaughnessey, & Underwood, (1980).

Zimmerman, J. J. (1975). Free recall after self paced study: A test of the attention explanation of the spacing effect. American Journal of Psychology, 88, 277-291.

Zimmerman. S. (1982. April). Photo recognition accuracv. Presented at the meeting of South~estern PsvcholoPical Association. El Paso. T8.

Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1965). Manual for the multiple affect adjective checklist. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.

Zuckerman. M.. DePaulo. B.. & Rosenthal, R. (1981). Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 1-59). New York: Academic Press.