ENDNOTES
1. "Counsel" as used herein includes a defender office, a criminal defense attorney in a defender office, a contract attorney or an attorney in private practice accepting appointments. "Defense" as used herein relates to both the juvenile and adult public defense systems.
2. National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Task Force on Courts, Chapter 13, The Defense (1973) [hereinafter "NAC"], Standards 13.8, 13.9; National Study Commission on Defense Services, Guidelines for Legal Defense Systems in the United States (1976) [hereinafter "NSC"], Guidelines 2.8, 2.18, 5.13; American Bar Association Standards for Criminal Justice, Providing Defense Services (3 rd ed. 1992) [hereinafter "ABA"], Standards 5-1.3, 5-1.6, 5-4.1; Standards for the Administration of Assigned Counsel Systems (NLADA 1989) [hereinafter "Assigned Counsel"], Standard 2.2; NLADA Guidelines for Negotiating and Awarding Contracts for Criminal Defense Services, (1984) [hereinafter "Contracting"], Guidelines II-1, 2; National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, Model Public Defender Act (1970) [hereinafter "Model Act"], § 10(d); Institute for Judicial Administration/American Bar Association, Juvenile Justice Standards Relating to Counsel for Private Parties (1979) [hereinafter "ABA Counsel for Private Parties"], Standard 2.1 (D).
3. NSC, supra note 2, Guidelines 2.10-2.13; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-1.3(b); Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standards 3.2.1, 2; Contracting, supra note 2, Guidelines II-1, II-3, IV-2; Institute for Judical Administration/American Bar Association, Juvenile Justice Standards Relating to Monitoring (1979) [hereinafter "ABA Monitoring"], Standard 3.2.
4. Judicial independence is "the most essential character of a free society" (American Bar Association Standing Committee on Judicial Independence, 1997).
5. ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-4.1
6. "Sufficiently high" is described in detail in NAC Standard 13.5 and ABA Standard 5-1.2. The phrase can generally be understood to mean that there are enough assigned cases to support a full-time public defender (taking into account distances, caseload diversity, etc.), and the remaining number of cases are enough to support meaningful involvement of the private bar.
7. NAC, supra note 2, Standard 13.5; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-1.2; ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 2.2. "Defender office" means a full-time public defender office and includes a private nonprofit organization operating in the same manner as a full-time public defender office under a contract with a jurisdiction.
8. ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-1.2(a) and (b); NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 2.3; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-2.1.
9. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 2.3; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-2.1.
10. ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-2.1 and commentary; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standard 3.3.1 and commentary n.5 (duties of Assigned Counsel Administrator such as supervision of attorney work cannot ethically be performed by a non-attorney, citing ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility and Model Rules of Professional Conduct).
11. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 2.4; Model Act, supra note 2, § 10; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-1.2(c); Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) (provision of indigent defense services is obligation of state).
12. For screening approaches, see NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 1.6 and ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-7.3.
13. NAC, supra note 2, Standard 13.3; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-6.1; Model Act, supra note 2, § 3; NSC, supra note 2, Guidelines 1.2-1.4; ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 2.4 (A).
14. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 1.3.
15. American Bar Association Standards for Criminal Justice, Defense Function (3 rd ed. 1993) [hereinafter "ABA Defense Function"], Standard 4-3.2; Performance Guidelines for Criminal Defense Representation (NLADA 1995) [hereinafter "Performance Guidelines"], Guidelines 2.1-4.1; ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 4.2.
16. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 5.10; ABA Defense Function, supra note 15, Standards 4-2.3, 4-3.1, 4-3.2; Performance Guidelines, supra note 15, Guideline 2.2.
17. ABA Defense Function, supra note 15, Standard 4-3.1.
18. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 5.1, 5.3; ABA, supra note 2, Standards 5-5.3; ABA Defense Function, supra note 15, Standard 4-1.3(e); NAC, supra note 2, Standard 13.12; Contracting, supra note 2, Guidelines III-6, III-12; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standards 4.1,4.1.2; ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 2.2 (B) (iv).
19. Numerical caseload limits are specified in NAC Standard 13.12 (maximum cases per year: 150 felonies, 400 misdemeanors, 200 juvenile, 200 mental health, or 25 appeals), and other national standards state that caseloads should "reflect" (NSC Guideline 5.1) or "under no circumstances exceed" (Contracting Guideline III-6) these numerical limits. The workload demands of capital cases are unique: the duty to investigate, prepare and try both the guilt/innocence and mitigation phases today requires an average of almost 1,900 hours, and over 1,200 hours even where a case is resolved by guilty plea. Federal Death Penalty Cases: Recommendations Concerning the Cost and Quality of Defense Representation (Judicial Conference of the United States, 1998). See also ABA Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Counsel in Death Penalty Cases (1989) [hereinafter "Death Penalty"].
20. ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-5.3; NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 5.1; Standards and Evaluation Design for Appellate Defender Offices (NLADA 1980) [hereinafter "Appellate"], Standard 1-F.
21. Performance Guidelines, supra note 11, Guidelines 1.2, 1.3(a); Death Penalty, supra note 15, Guideline 5.1.
22. NSC, supra note 2, Guidelines 5.11, 5.12; ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-6.2; NAC, supra note 2, Standard 13.1; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standard 2.6; Contracting, supra note 2, Guidelines III-12, III-23; ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 2.4 (B) (i).
23. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 3.4; ABA, supra note 2, Standards 5-4.1, 5-4.3; Contracting, supra note 2, Guideline III-10; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standard 4.7.1; Appellate, supra note 20 (Performance); ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 2.1 (B) (iv). See NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 4.1 (includes numerical staffing ratios, e.g., there must be one supervisor for every 10 attorneys, or one part-time supervisor for every 5 attorneys; there must be one investigator for every three attorneys, and at least one investigator in every defender office). Cf. NAC, supra note 2, Standards 13.7, 13.11 (chief defender salary should be at parity with chief judge; staff attorneys at parity with private bar).
24. ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-2.4; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standard 4.7.3.
25. NSC, supra note 2, Guideline 2.6; ABA, supra note 2, Standards 5-3.1, 5-3.2, 5-3.3; Contracting, supra note 2, Guidelines III-6, III-12, and passim.
26. ABA, supra note 2, Standard 5-3.3(b)(x); Contracting, supra note 2, Guidelines III-8, III-9.
27. ABA Defense Function, supra note 15, Standard 4-1.2(d).
28. NAC, supra note 2, Standards 13.15, 13.16; NSC, supra note 2, Guidelines 2.4(4), 5.6-5.8; ABA, supra note 2, Standards 5-1.5; Model Act, supra note 2, § 10(e); Contracting, supra note 2, Guideline III-17; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standards 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.4.1; NLADA Defender Training and Development Standards (1997); ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standard 2.1 (A).
29. NSC, supra note 2, Guidelines 5.4, 5.5; Contracting, supra note 2, Guidelines III-16; Assigned Counsel, supra note 2, Standard 4.4; ABA Counsel for Private Parties, supra note 2, Standards 2.1 (A), 2.2; ABA Monitoring, supra note 3, Standards 3.2, 3.3. Examples of performance standards applicable in conducting these reviews include NLADA Performance Guidelines, ABA Defense Function, and NLADA/ABA Death Penalty.
